Nursing work is an important part of medical and health work, which is closely related to people's health and life safety. The level of psychological health of nurses is directly related to human health and the quality of life of people [1].
According to researchers at home and abroad on the psychology and nursing occupation groups of mental health in recent years, a mental health state of nurses worry, negative emotions exist in clinical nursing staff.
Therefore, it is of great significance to fully understand the psychological state of nursing staff, to develop effective measures to protect the psychological health of nurses, and to improve the quality of medical services. In this paper, the research progress in recent years is reviewed in order to provide reference for further research in the future.
1 research status of mental health of nursing staff
At present, more research on mental health of nurses in the mental health level of nurses overall low [2,3]. [4] foreign research report, 28.8% of the nurses psychological problems of nurses, anxiety rate as high as 43.4%. domestic research points out the obvious symptom factor of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, somatization, depression, anxiety, fear and hostility the [5]. equivalence of anxiety and depression were significantly higher than the national norm of [6]. among them, there are also differences of nursing staff in different departments, different hospitals, different demographic characteristics and the psychological health will be respectively summarized below.
1.1 research status of mental health of nurses in different departments
A large number of studies have shown that there is a difference in mental health between nurses and nurses.
Especially in ICU (ICU), emergency department, operation room, obstetrics and Gynecology, pediatrics and psychiatry, etc. these special departments, poor mental health status of nurses in nursing staff shows the detection rate of high level [7-9]. Wang Zhuo [10] on the different sections of the clinical investigation, the mental health level of nurses ICU worst; Nooryan [11] study pointed out the anxiety of ICU nurses' emotional intelligence and emotional intelligence, the anxiety is relatively low. Feng Yan [12] on the mental health status of psychiatric nurses survey analysis found that the positive rate of 47.5%. and [13] by Ma Lijun on psychological symptoms of psychiatric nurses of psychiatric nurses Meta symptom assessment scale score higher than the national norm, and anxiety, depression factor score is significantly higher than that of non psychiatric nurses. Foreign studies have also pointed out that compared to other departments, psychiatric nurse burnout, emotional exhaustion and personality of a higher degree of [14]. may be due to the clinical nurses in psychiatric department of special working environment, service object condition is complex, there will be unexpected events, followed by the influence of traditional culture, the spirit of social discrimination patient positioning of psychiatric nurses' social value is low. High pressure working environment, resulting in nursing staff prone to depression, psychological fatigue. Huang Jianjun used the SCL-90 scale survey found that emergency nurses scored significantly higher than the scores of the nurses, mental health problems are not fit for the [15]. and reports of emergency nurses the main psychological symptoms of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, paranoid [16]. Yan wave [17] research analyzes the main factors influencing health the psychology of nurses in emergency department:
The level of knowledge and ability, the phenomenon of death and dying or stimulation of self adjustment and coping style. Possible emergency nurses quality requirements than ordinary ward, the patient in emergency department, emergency disease complex, involving the law and violence, emergency department nurses are often in a state of high stress, a long time will affect their mental health.
Tan Mei [18] study showed that the mental health level of nurses in the operation room of the lower than the national norm. Tao Jingjuan [19]'s study indicated that nurses in operation room were in mild and moderate anxiety. The main sources of work pressure of nurses in operation room were workload and time allocation, and the problems of nursing profession and work. As a special group of nurses, nurses in the operation room should have basic nursing theory and knowledge, but also need to have mastered the knowledge and various departments related to the operation, the scope of work is not only nursing during surgery, including preoperative anesthesia, postoperative visit. And with the development of medical science and technology, high, fine, sharp surgery more and more, the new complex surgical instruments continue to pour into the hospital, a little mistake, will happen medical errors. High risk, high pressure, high expectations, irregular working environment, so that the psychological health of nurses in operation room is more likely to be affected.
In addition, the research also pointed out that the Department of oncology, infectious mental health level of nurses is lower than ordinary people have low [20,21]. oncology medical personnel 8%~51% appeared different degree of occupation burnout, including emotional fatigue 36%, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment were respectively 34% and 25%.
1.2 research status of mental health of nurses in different levels and different levels
Many studies have shown that there is a significant correlation between the mental health status of nursing staff and the scale, culture, organizational climate, etc.. The level of mental health nurses from three hospitals than other hospitals of the poor. Yang Huifang et al. [22] study: the anxiety and depression level of public hospital nurses is higher than that of private hospitals, and the level of anxiety and depression of nurses in provincial hospitals is higher than that of municipal and private hospitals. In the hospital, the patient and the number of critically ill patients is relatively more, the nurse work intensity and pressure; the patients and their families on the quality of medical care higher expectations, will increase the psychological pressure of the nurses; one of the reasons for the competition between nurses is caused by poor mental health. These factors lead to more psychological problems of nurses in general hospitals. In addition, there are differences in the level of mental health of nursing staff in some military hospitals. Jiang Pingping [23]
The results showed that the mental health level and personal accomplishment of military nurses in active service were better than those of non active civilian nurses and contract nurses. It may be that the military nurses in active service have received military management in military academies. Besides the normal study, they need to complete the military training of a certain amount of tasks.
1.3 research status of mental health of nurses with different demographic characteristics
The mental health status of nursing staff was closely related to the demographic characteristics such as marriage, professional title and working years. Studies have pointed out that the nurses psychological problems of older age, long working life is more prominent in [24], Hou Weixing, [25] of grade three general hospital occupation burnout of nursing staff and nursing age, nursing age 6 ~10 years group is a high-risk group of nurse occupation burnout, may be the age of nurse is the backbone of nursing staff in hospital school leaders, placed higher expectations for them, and the age of the nurses are married, there are elderly people need support in care, children need to invest energy education, facing the dual pressures of work and family is more likely to induce psychological problems.
But there are studies that age, nursing age and mental health was negatively related to [26], may be due to work longer, more familiar with the work flow and the environment, work easier, and with the increase of age, work experience, the emotional self control ability gradually enhanced.
The mental health status of nurses with different educational background and technical titles is different. The level of mental health of junior titles is the worst, with the level of anxiety gradually decreased [27]. promotion title may, in charge of and above clinical nurses working in long time, the work flow and the surrounding environment have been very familiar with professional skills, work experience and experience is more abundant, can self psychological adjustment and decompression [28]. by using their own knowledge
In addition, in charge of and above the income is relatively high, go out training and promotion opportunities are relatively high, the patient and the respect of others relative to personal value, so a relatively small anxiety.
The level of mental health of undergraduate nurses is relatively low, the level of anxiety and depression is higher than that of secondary and tertiary nurse [29,30], more prone to job burnout, the reason may be the nurses have many years of higher education in higher education, a solid theoretical knowledge, high self, for occupation high expectations [31], because the medical development situation at present in our country, it is to meet the expectations of these people, they think that clinical nursing work trivial, lack of technical content, the years of studying knowledge is useless, in the course of time, prone to frustration, boredom, burnout and other negative emotions.
Marital status: married nurses in somatization, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety and psychosis factor score than unmarried, divorced or widowed nurse score low [32]. is probably the reason that social support influence the level of nurses' mental health level, and marriage is an important source of individual social support; compared with unmarried married nurses. The nurse not only need to deal with the relationship between the patient and colleagues, but also deal with the interpersonal relationship between the family, her daughter, wife, and mother, wife, married nurses to better understand other people's emotions, deal with various complicated relations, so that their emotional management ability than unmarried nurses.
2 factors affecting the mental health of nursing staff
2.1 workload
The nursing profession has been recognized as a stress. Investigation of Beijing Union Medical College in Beijing, Liaoning, Henan and other 8 provinces and cities in 40 hospitals of 3311 nurses showed that 67.3% of the nurses feel work pressure, the exhaust pressure source two is "occupation risk" and "low wages", respectively 56.2% and 51.4%.
The nursing occupation pressure source is varied, the fast pace of work; the rescue task is heavy, big responsibility; the law is not working, long continuous working time; operation; the tremendous work pressure, extremely easy to cause the nurses' physical and mental stress response, leading to depressed mood, depression, anxiety, fatigue and even adverse psychological state, harm nurses the physical and mental health [33], the nurse's work pressure has risen as a dangerous occupation.
2.2 social factors
Social factors include nurses' pay, promotion opportunities and social support. Studies have shown that the hospital's policies, organizational climate, managers and colleagues are able to effectively support the relief or prevention of occupational stress and psychological problems. Social support can improve the individual events on the nociceptive response ability and adaptability, so as to stimulate the damping effect of a traumatic event, the individual in a traumatic event if the lack of social support, psychological damage risk degree is 43.3%[34]. social support and mental health was positively correlated. With higher social support, the more inclined to take positive coping way to solve the problem of mental health, the abnormal rate of the lower [35]. most medical staff for their income and the current treatment is not satisfactory, especially the nurses. Compared with the same seniority doctors and other professionals, nurses training learning, fewer opportunities for promotion, professional title in the low level, wages and benefits are relatively low, and they pay and bear the risk of pressure is not proportional, can not reflect the value of their labour, work achievement, self realization is difficult to meet but; income level determines the quality of life, low income will encounter more difficulties, dissatisfied with their jobs, which will greatly influence the working enthusiasm of nurses, the nurses' pressure increase, and therefore more prone to psychological disorders.
2.3 coping styles
The stress response level of adverse events and individual coping styles and psychological health, the disease is closely related to the occurrence of [36]. in different ways by different positive coping style can alleviate psychosomatic symptoms, negative coping will increase the stress response of [37], Zhong Xia, [38]
The results show that the negative coping style is the most important factor that affects the stress response of the medical staff, while the positive coping style is helpful to relieve the stress reaction. The direct effect of negative coping style on the stress reaction of medical personnel up to 0.600, can explain the stress reaction of medical personnel is 41.5%, and the positive coping style influenced by negative coping style, can indirectly reduce stress response -0.11.
Shen Zhengrong and other [39] research pointed out that coping style is an important factor of mental health, negative coping style and psychological problems are significantly positive correlation. Coping style refers to the cognition and behavior of people in the face of stressful situations and events, which can be divided into two categories: positive coping and avoidance coping. Positive coping strategies are more effective than avoiding coping strategies in helping people cope with stress. Coping style as a mediator between stress and health has an important influence on mental health [40].
To sum up, at present our country reports on mental health of nursing staff more, also has obtained some research results, suggestions for future research and intervention of further, to explore the formation for improving nurses' psychological health level Chinese cultural background and medical environment, scientific and effective psychological decompression, help clinical nurses to deal with work pressure the source effectively, maintain physical and mental health care to provide quality services.
Reference?
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