Chinese ice and snow sports culture has a long history. Ancient snow and ice movement in different periods with different activities of the apparatus and style. In the period of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, ice art performances, ice, was designated as the national festival [1], marking the China ancient ice movement reached its peak. According to the theory of culture circle, broad culture can be divided into material layer, system layer, layer three levels of spirit. The material layer is the material shell or carrier. The system is the organization, the standard or the behavior of the culture, and the spiritual level is the concept or the thought [2].. This article is based on this theory, and the culture of the ice movement in our country from the above three levels.
1 the culture of the ice on the ice in the Qing Dynasty
The object layer is the outermost part of the culture, which is the skeleton of the culture. Ancient peoples of northern winter life in the world of ice and snow environment gradually mastered the skills master ice and snow, create the tools of sliding on the ice. In the Qing Dynasty, there are mainly the following several kinds of ice on the ice.
The 1.1 skate
In ancient China the Jurchen and Manchu are used "Hurrah slider. According to textual research of scholars," Hurrah slider "is embedded with the slide board fastened to under the Siniora shoes, hand-held wooden stick racking, slide on ice device [3], similar to the skating shoes now. To the Qing Dynasty, the embedded iron skates skates. The Yanjing at the age of mind "records:" skates to iron, in a single bound on the shoes, body line, temporarily unable to stop, technology Qiao, such as superficial, Ziyan wear wave, everyone also significant. " [4] in the "emperor" "order" ice play Fu said: "in the custom of ice play, knee pads to shoes to Wei Fei,. The bottom or double tooth meshing and not to the Ling yan." [5]
There are scholars believe that "Yanjing at the age of mind" said, "single", is actually a "skate", is a "single ice knife" skating shoes; the ice hip Xu Fu "said" double tooth ", is" double blade ", similar in today's double skates skating shoes. The ice Fu" "preface" in the "Wei" is refers to the leather, the "small" is made of Wei of knee. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty skating apparatus not only appeared in the iron and ice skates, knee pads and other protective equipment. Iron material skates, skating in the Qing Dynasty is an important basis for improving technology.
1.2 Dog Car
In the Yuan Dynasty, a large Road Northeast from Liaoyang to Manuel dry, winter had a unique transport dog car. This dog car to the Qing Dynasty has been used. Yang Bin of Qing Dynasty in the Liu Bian Ji Lue "said, in the northeast of the Sanjiang confluence area, called" no tonsure gold of the tribe, "land boat, or ice, driving in dogs, the Charioteer to wood pole boat, if water block head who ran, what makes the national dog also." [7] this device with a dog traction, can carry a manned vehicle fast on the ice, similar to today's dog sled.
1.3 sledge
Sledge, also known as sledge or plow harrow, horses, cattle and other livestock, for pulling force, on the ice snow can use, prevalent in the northeast area of China. The Qing Dynasty Xiqing the Heilongjiang in mind "in said:" sledge, Mandarin said La, as Ling bed, instead of iron bar, bent wood shafts, driving horses, snow, disease is like bird. " [8] said this with a horse pulls sledge, with two yuan in the tilt of the wood floor, driving snow, fast. There is no large mechanical in ancient times, the sledge played an important role in the transport of goods, personnel in winter.
1.4 ice
Ice, also known as Tuochuang, Ling bed, with human traction or racking winter ice transport and entertainment equipment. In the Northern Song Dynasty Shen Kuo "red" earlier recorded "Ling bed" of this appliance. The Ming Dynasty appeared more than ten ice on the ice in parallel, the phenomenon of booze. The Qing Dynasty barred ice. "Yanjing at the age of mind" records: "after the winter solstice, abdominal Jian ten Mizusawa, brake sea, moat, etc. there are two gates of ice. A man is dragged, and his speed is very fast. About five feet long, about three feet wide, with wood as the foot has an iron bar, can sit three people."
Ice with iron bars, similar to the metal blades, sliding speed. The emperor and the ice sheet with high officials and noble lords in the Qing Dynasty, the luxurious decoration. "Elm" nest of miscellaneous knowledge set: "winter pool, on the Tuochuang. The couch like no foot, like a car without wheels, with people holding for snow, then to. A felt tent and decorated with dragon." The emperor used it to warm, ornate, called "ice yacht".
2 the culture of the ice sports system in the Qing Dynasty
System culture is the middle part of culture, is the blood of the culture, but also one of the main characteristics of different cultures. After analyzing the culture of the Qing Dynasty ice movement, the paper discusses the culture of the ice sports system in the Qing Dynasty from the aspects of system, form and so on.
2.1 strange country
To the Qing Dynasty, ice art show called "ice" or "ice play" and the development of an unprecedented "country folk", ice and snow sports in ancient China reached unprecedented prosperity stage.
The "country folk" the earliest source in a Ming and Qing War: Nuerhachi men use "all the Siniora slider" soldiers and the blasting driving sledge ", Nurhachu the besieged city of Mo Er Gen rush to the rescue, long-distance raid obtained success. Skating technology play a role in the formation of the Chinese Empire. Nur Ha Che advocated the ice recreational activities played a fundamental role in the formation of the Qing Dynasty ice play "Chinese custom". According to the records of the old Manchu script file, destiny ten years (1625) two days of the first lunar month, Nurhachu in Mukden (now Shenyang) in the vicinity of Taizi River held a larger ice entertainment [12]:
"The wife of Khan Nurhachu Lvzhong Fujin, eight Baylor, Fujin, Mongolia Zhu Baylor, Fujin, all the Chinese officers and officials, to Prince Edward River ice, enjoying the play play. Zhucheng Baylor rate with paternity people play ball secondary, sweat and all the blessing Jin sits in the middle of ice, life in the second edge distance running, first to tours to gold and silver. First the twenty-two, the second the ten taels. Behind the eighteen woman, not silver, so each reward three two....... Ran fell on ice, sweat of laughter. Then kill cattle, the Yubing seats on the feast......"
From this data can be seen: sweat personally led, large number of participants, both male and female; activities mainly ice men play and run on the women's ice; ice run to take the form of the game, with gold and silver as a reward, according to the results of grading award, behind also has Shangyin; match effect good, "Khan" laughter; after the game to kill to get rid of cattle Zaiyang, set the feast, to celebrate and condolences. The event is similar to the modern ice movement.
To Qianlong once, ice officially became "country folk". Emperor Qianlong said: "clockwise Chen Guosu, choose to test male view" (Qianlong "imperially Taiye ice leisure poem twelve rhymes"); "the vulgar ice hip code,...... Years old in after the Winter Solstice held visit reading tours "(Qianlong" Laba view ice due to chant "sled down), ice become a national of a celebration. From 10 years of Qianlong (1754), the ice play is held once a year, the end of Qianlong almost without interruption. Qian Long abdicated, Jiaqing continued, until the light, lasted for nearly a hundred years of [13].
2.2 complete system
The Qian Long period, the ice play already has a very complete mechanism and system. Qing Dynasty set up a special ice movement of the commander in chief of the agency, called the "skate", sir, Secretary of the skates; dedicated to ice training units, called "Ji Yong skates camp", under the "bond Rui Ying" (Qing Dynasty at the time of the special forces); soldiers called "skate" and the Xiangyin called "skates rates; coach called" skates of teaching and learning ".
The annual review period (10, winter, wax, is four months), skates from bond Rui camp selection 1600 excellent skater, "Ji Yong skate camp", focused on training, then in ice shows, accept emperor proofread. After a period of review, the return key Rui ying. "Skate" is similar to the national management institutions, "Jiyong skate camp" is similar to the national team. On the ice play system, published the "Qianlong Dynasty literature tongkao" detailed records of [16]:
"Ice show and conference in October each year from eight banners and forward command, Hujun commanding, etc., each flag according to two hundred number by choosing good walk on the ice, the nawufu ready skates, outfit, bows and arrows, the ball rack. Until after the winter solstice, driving to ying'tai etc., and furnishings ice play shoot and other celestial. Divide into two Wing Ding, each wing leader twelve, wear red, Huang Magua, Yu, Huang Qijian, red dress club. The soldiers shot one hundred and sixty, forty children, all wear jacket, back to the colored flags, so, go ice, a shot. Bi Chen Kabuki, grace reward versus, the top three to admire the silver taels, such as three to admire the silver taels, third three to admire the silver 62, the rest of the soldiers to admire the silver 42, Ju by nawufu wide our storage to support. "
From the above literature can be seen in the regulation of ice sports in Qing dynasty:
The activity time: October each year about picking staff, after the winter solstice performances; the place: on ying'tai (later in five, Longting chanfu Temple etc.); the participants: from every 200 people's chosen good at skating, a total of at least 1600 people; the instruments: including skates, outfit, bows and arrows, the ball rack, provided by nawufu; the leader of the wing clothing: wear red, yellow two colors of red, yellow jacket, the players wear two color shoulder gown; shot, and children are wearing jacket, Beicha flags; the activities include: walking, ice is celestial shoot etc. 7; reward: Silver award given by the performance, consists of three awards, each award three. The soldiers who participated in both reward, reward and reward for silver, are spending by the government. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty, management of ice sports training has been normalized, required materials, funds, personnel are borne by the state. The ice play has become a national regulation, sponsored by the sound of large ice on the celebration, sports activities.
2.3 various forms
Including ice sports in the royal court, Qing Dynasty ice movement in the form of colorful, contests, part of the form with modern skating similar, some technology and modern skating compared. In the Qing Dynasty, the movement of ice on the form of the following six.
2.3.1 grab, etc.
The so-called "rob", is a test of speed skating, compete for excellence. Wu Zhenyu in "raise Ji Zhai plexus record" records: "old December, Xiyuan sea ice Kennedy congealed, so choose to make Chen, sled San rein view the pro Yan. The beginning, 'etc.' to grab Royal ice two or three miles away, the tree: many soldiers, salty column.
Driving is the royal bed of ice, a banner at the Ming Pao tree, a Pao of Yi ming. Then all the soldiers to the imperial bodyguard Chi, standing on ice, such as' chi 'grab near the throne, hold up. To have two, separately, each with poor reward."
Contestants wearing skates and collective racing, distance of about 1000-1500 meters, cannon from the starting point ("tree big flag) started at the same time, according to arrive at the end (" throne ") sequence, graded to be rewarded. This is China's ancient and modern skating, short track speed skating is very similar.
2.3.2 grab the ball
The so-called grab the ball, is the two teams on the ice each other for the ball game. Pan rongbi in the Teikyo age Ji Sheng "records:" Jin Haibing for Cu Ju play. Each team of dozens of people, each command, a standing, with leather for the ball, throw in the air, when the fall, rallied together and fight, to who wins. This team will, this team of people move so far. The jubilant chi one by one, the convenient to brave. The soldiers used to martial arts. With Huang Di and Ju play in martial arts, take cover left Italy yan." As can be seen, this is a kind of ice teams play games, to "convenient brave" win to "martial arts". "Cu Ju play" sources of the ice in Qing Dynasty before entering "kick shaped" head games [19], is new development of ancient Chinese Cuju on the ice.
2.3.3 to shoot the ball
"To the Dragon Ball" is a ball of the ball in the ice on the formation of an activity when the shooting archery. The unofficial history of the Qing dynasty grand "records:" following transfer to long shots, take the team according to the color of the eight banners, to hold leading banneret, two people hold the arrow with in. Where the flag one hundred or two hundred times, with their bows and arrows. The ice line circling the twists and turns, the look of winding dragon. Nearly a throne Jing door, hanging on a ball, said the orb, hanging a ball, said the earth. Turn the dragon team to hurry, shot a shot of earth, celestial, in reward. Re turning out, the original road known as to its team. The flag bearer a child, if it is tail." From the "zigzag" "winding like dragon" reward "shoot a sphere of" by "words can be seen, this is a kind of set ice slide, formation and transformation, archery competitions for various forms of movement, is the Qing Dynasty ice sports have created a.
2.3.4 Zi
"The pendulum Zi" is the collective walk, put the word formation performance, similar to today's gymnastics. Neighbor Jinqing describes the "Zi": "before the throne skates life minister flag waved, banger Yiming, the two rows of a hundred 'skates', the circulation pattern in two lines of vacant land, along the diameter sliding Chi, one left, two teams both left, a forward roll over, two teams both stand up, legs arm. Colored skirt, upper and lower lift Teng, Fengchi electric, Zhu Ying mink tail, left and right swing. The bars, ice thorn sound, each of you Wei Wu Qiang and bell, everything, especially wonders also." Left and right two hundred people, according to the pattern of many pre painted "Swastika Kam", "gourd Kam" consisting of graphics, in only content between a ridge, neatly performing swallow swimming, Phoenix wings, Dong Bin back sword, dragon back, white tiger tail, 24 kinds of difficult high action, without any confusion, and its difficult to imagine [J]. The ice on the collective performance, the design, the skill, the battle and the neat degree, lets the modern people as the acme of perfection.
2.3.5 slip tart
"Skid" tart is a palace to carry out from high to low skating games. Chen Kangqi in the "Lang Qian report" in the record: "cut in winter, slipping tart. The first water poured into the iceberg, four feet high, very slippery ying. The person with strong pigskin shoe, the slip even more, from the top down to always stand, not the servant who wins."
Can be seen that the skater wearing leather shoes, from three or four feet of artificial iceberg "upright" and high-speed sliding, "to not servants for victory", this is a very exciting, exciting skating activities, participants need some courage and superb balance. The activity is similar to today's ski.
2.3.6 figure skating and ice acrobatics
In addition to the above, the Qing Dynasty on the ice on the sport there are similar to the modern figure skating, as well as the combination of ice skating and acrobatics - acrobatics.
Qianlong court painter Zhang Weibang et al. Rendering, is now on display in the National Palace Museum "ice", the image shows the eight banners of figure skating and ice acrobatics. According to experts, the ice hip map "to reflect the figure skating mainly includes scorpion, standing on one foot, Nezha explore sea, shuangfeiyan, thousand ribs falling. Acrobatics on ice are edge rod, bar, plate, knives, flying fork rods, get flying. Performers in the rod, bar, shoulder, arm, palm, ice show single bipedal upright and inverted, pulling its excellent skills. The number of performances on the shoulder and arm, from one person to three people, there are children, there are also the perfect combination of the ice on the adult [23]. and the ice on the ice. It is a new form of movement which is created by people in the Qing Dynasty.
3 the spirit and culture of ice in the Qing Dynasty
In the Qing Dynasty, there emerged a large number of poems, paintings and other artistic works related to the movement of ice and snow. If the Emperor Qianlong of the ice Fu "Yongzhong, the preliminary test sled", Li Shengzhen the Baixi Zhuzhi poem and taju, Li Jing Shan, the amendments door miscellaneous chant, skates, poetry. Paintings such as Jin Kun et al. The "ice", Yao Wenhan the Ziguangge, give dinner ", Castiglione et al" carpe diem Hongli snow map ". Through to these works of literature and art, especially related to poetry analysis, we can understand the was people's understanding of the culture of ice and snow and a glimpse of our ancient winter sports culture contains the thoughts, ideas and spirit.
3.1 on the movement of the ice on the Qing Dynasty, the color of the strong utilitarian
Ancient ice north of the environment, on the one hand, to the people's production and life bring inconvenience, on the other hand, people according to the beneficial function, characteristics and development of ice and snow ice, for human use. This is human of ice - snow sports culture reflects the practical and utilitarian. First, people first using the snow and ice resources for production activities, such as recorded in the book of the new Tang Dynasty pull wild the ancients "by wood compete on ice". Another example is that the Tianjin miscellanies "records, Tianjin area of Qing Dynasty's" hold row, for example by dressed fur coat and no guest is inserted to keep out the cold, the guest is to serve the guest to pave the way. The price was hired to sit anywhere, such as low-cost, go ten or twenty miles away, the fee but Beijing Fu 10 Wen. The poor diet is so much in the wind that the wind."
That is to say, it has become the people to make tools. Secondly, people use ice resources, create a lot of transportation tools, such as bed, car, dog sledge etc.. This is a very fast transport tool, which is based on ice and ice environment, it is a great place for people to produce and live. Third, people also used ice skating for military activities. Such as the aforementioned Nuerhachi men use "all the Siniora sliding child soldiers and the blasting driving sledge", long-distance raid won the victory of the war. Again, the winter palace of Qing Dynasty in Xiyuan, Chen Bingxi, Xi Lao Taiye pool "appreciation, to Jane Wu built national custom."
"In the custom of ice play...... Wu Xi to cover work, don't forget the lessons." (Qianlong "Laba on ice for chanting sled" poetry since "to read Wu", "Yi Wu Xi Lao" that Qing Dynasty's "ice" has a distinctive military training purposes. In ancient times, snow and ice sports culture showed that the production, transportation, military and other strong practical and utilitarian, which is the natural environment, production conditions, military struggle and other factors of the comprehensive effect of the results.
3.2 on the movement of ice in the Qing Dynasty
Ancient part of the snow and ice activities have been rooted in the folk, and gradually developed into a folk custom. In the harsh winter of the living environment, the northeast of the Manchu people on the ice and snow always have a deep feeling. Manchu women in Qing Dynasty with a popular custom of "Gulu ice", also called "ice," Bai Bing roll "walk".
The annual Lunar January sixteen night, women holding lanterns, in groups of three and four, laughing into the wilderness. They roll around on the ice and snow, the mouth to sing: "wheels ice wheels, waist not painful leg ache", "wheels ice wheels, body light Yiqing." Then, in the snow and ice on the play make fun. The activities commonly known as off bad luck ", also called" walking sickness "(" ice white "homonym), that ice wheels can roll away disease and adverse and bring health, luck. Yang Bin Qing "Liu Bian Ji Lue" set: "16, Manchu women, group step Pingsha, said 'walking sickness', rolling or both, said' off bad luck '. In the evening, especially much."
This custom is to reveal the "off" unlucky ", to pray for the purpose of removing harm". About "rolling ice", there is a beautiful legend. It is said that the woman of the unicorn and the young generation of love, a man of the unicorn, a plague of youth and the villagers. Dragon Tuomeng charge of youth and villagers. At the night of January 15 to ice roll, you can escape plague, the result is very efficacious. The village people afraid of retaliation, in the annual Lantern Festival to roll the ice, then become a custom through long time usage. In fact, the folk borrow "roll ice" roll disease "is a homonym, to pray for roll to disease, longevity. This kind of roll ice go snow customs spread so far. In the northeast part of the city and the countryside, in the rivers and lakes, water wells, and other places of ice and snow, each of the first fifteen people to participate in this sport. Obviously, these snow and ice sports contain people to dispel the blessing of blessing, the pursuit of Ankang's beautiful wishes.
3.3 Qing Dynasty ice sports hopes of peaceful era ideal
The Qing Dynasty palace of ice sports, especially ice play, the feudal rulers play an important role. They put ice sports as a kind of important means of Ministry of incentives, promote national prestige, to entertain guests, in order to reflect the infinite Royal graciousness and improve national cohesion and realize the ideal of peaceful era.
First of all, through the development of ice sports, by men, showed huangen maintaining unity and stability of the country. Previously stated, destiny ten years in first lunar month, Nurhachu in the vicinity of the Shengjing held a large-scale ice contest, to participating officials wife, Fujin and were treated with silver award, after the match is still ice SRE feast to celebrate, netting subordinates. Emperor Qianlong and ice related poems, has also repeatedly expressed to his men to reward, Enshi meaning, such as "the brave Jing, Ren who were given. General is Yue Ren, a Yue Yi "(" ice play "Fu) etc.. Before the Spring Festival every year in the eight banners of ice leisure game, achievement is outstanding person give special reward, called "has said righteousness", to show honor; all in ice leisure game soldier can get proper reward to a happy new year, called "Pu is Yue Hui", to show love. The son of Jia Qingdi clearly pointed out: "the ice play system, by martial arts to bestow a favour, shown to benefit the soldiers. The winter every year, Jane bannermen angle art liquid pool, father of Imperial Emperor sled, the compete, 310-311 tours awarded, brave Jing, Yu Jiejun given. We encourage and inspire people, is a skill to see and do righteousness between Yang yan."
Therefore, the ice play is one of the important ways to check the results of eight banners military training in winter. The ice play game achievements, is the main basis for soldiers reward according to sb.'s deserts. The reward mechanism, both inspired the morale of soldiers in the winter training hard and win over the people and enhance the cohesion, to maintain the stability of the state, with important political role.
Secondly, the ice movement is often as a kind of national prestige that ceremony concierge. On the one hand, ice by Qing Dynasty at the time of the special forces "bond Rui camp" in the "skills Yong skate camp" bear, represents the strength and level of the Qing army. Ice sports performance level, of poetry at that time, reveal, such as "the proposed string reminder arrows, describe the mirror, Phoenix Dance" (Qianlong "Yuzhi Taiye ice leisure poem twelve rhymes"), "flash such as traction power, disease if Ben star" (Qianlong "ice Fu"), sometimes deliberately for the whole side, soar to the skies to take potential oblique Yan light "(Qing, Bao Zhu Po" skate ").
These thrilling, superb skills on the ice, the Qing Dynasty shows the quality, show the capacity and power. On the other hand, is also the foreign guests of the ice sports etiquette, celebration activities. Qianlong 53 years (1788) the twelfth month of the lunar year, Xiyuan held ice leisure activities, specially invited foreign diplomats, frontier Seigniors and Gaoshan Nationality in Taiwan leader such as watch, were celebrating Chinese New Year. The emperor Qian Long to write a poem: "He Zheng near to Fu Bi, and speech by Yu tong. The new Fan said the old servant, Southeast of the deer Xuebin hung. Yu Jie Xu still ice sports training, with Feng Shuo Zhong Yuan kun. Zonxi Kangqiang song four, only deep at ngernmuen Qian hao." (Qianlong "Jia Ping 21 in Xiyuan Kun class in each department and Taiwan savages shown to ice") in the poem describes the "northwest new Fan said old servant, southeast to catch the deer Xuebin Che hung," Grand Diplomacy scene, expressed came to congratulate the leaders of all ethnic groups of the new year's maintenance of the reunification of the motherland is the common aspiration of [31], the show during the period of Kangxi and Qianlong bingqiangmazhuang, peace and prosperity, the adoration of the flourishing scene.
4 Conclusion
The Chinese ancient ice and snow sports culture, which is represented by the ice movement in the Qing Dynasty, contains rich national characteristics and deep spiritual connotation. It is a Chinese traditional sports culture with good quality and development potential. It has been to its economic, military, political and other social functions to maintain national sentiment, boost the national spirit, and enhance national cohesion. In countries are actively protecting intangible cultural heritage, all efforts to apply for the Winter Olympics and the vigorous development of the sports industry today, inheritance and development of ice and other Chinese traditional sports culture has a certain practical significance.
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