Tang Yijie's Thought on Chinese philosophy begins with the thinking of the concept and category of Chinese traditional philosophy in the early 1980s. The concept of western philosophy, the category system has been more perfect, ancient Aristotle's "category", in modern times, there are twelve categories of empirical conditions proposed by Kant. However, whether there is a concept or category system in Chinese traditional philosophy is still a question to be explored.
Although Tang Yijie acknowledges that China does not have a set of concepts and categories, such as western philosophy, it denies that there is no such concept in china. In his view, any philosophical thought depends on the concept and category to express and inherit. Review of China history, pre Qin period China philosopher began to express his philosophy of using a special concept, and later formed some special analysis concept works, such as "baihutongyi" "meaning" such as the North river. Thus, the concept of China, the development of the category should be very developed, but why did not form the concept of western philosophy, such as the system, the scope of the system? In his view, the ancient Chinese philosophers did not establish a sense of the concept, the scope of the system of consciousness, they will focus on philosophical thinking on the pursuit of the realm of life, rather than the theoretical analysis of thinking.
An analysis of the meaning of concepts and categories
Tang Yijie pointed out that in the history of philosophy, the study of concept and category system is very important. The study of category system has its general meaning and special significance. Generally speaking, first of all, the history of philosophy concept and category of causes, rich connotation and development process of the concrete analysis, "can grasp the development of philosophy of law, reveals the inherent logic of" the development of [1]36.. Secondly, the history of philosophy is not only to understand the history of the development, but also the materialism and idealism struggle the history and understanding of the law of the development of materialism and idealism often lies in the struggle. Understanding cannot do without the use of the concept, category, so the analysis of the concept and category of meaning is "the correct evaluation of a ring" history of philosophy of materialism and idealism indispensable [1]36. finally, the use of the concept, category showing human cognition level, process and process of the concept, category of development and human understanding but, in order to carry out research on this process it is necessary to use a certain method, this kind of method can be human cognitive development process more clear and complete reproduction, but also help to improve human theoretical thinking ability. In general, it has universal applicability, that is to say, Chinese philosophy, western philosophy and India philosophy have the same value.
At the same time, Tang Yijie also believes that the research on concept, category system also has a special significance for China traditional philosophy. It is the understanding of traditional philosophy China characteristics and development level of "[1]37. Chinese he thinks traditional philosophy does have a systematic concept, category system, concept, and western philosophy and Marx philosophy category are different. Chinese concept, the category of traditional philosophy basically is developed independently, its very distinct characteristics, in general there are three points: first, the concept, category basically is paired; second, there is a very important categories in the history of philosophy pays special attention to the research of related problems; third, some areas can also contains different content, rich connotation. The study of the concept and category of Chinese traditional philosophy in the period of historical development can show the characteristics of Chinese traditional philosophy and reveal the level of theoretical thinking in different periods of Chinese history.
From the proposed sense, Tang Yijie is to start from the history of philosophy of Chinese, thinking of traditional philosophy modernization China. But in 90s Tang Yijie recalled, "on the issue of" writing Chinese category system of traditional philosophy in this article and its aim is to "break the original framework of materialism and idealism in opposition, breaking the relationship between thinking and existence of the [1]74. framework" he raised from the category of Chinese re understanding the history of philosophy, is to get rid of China since the establishment of the "New Materialism - idealism" opposite philosophical framework and "party spirit principle", out of political dogma, academic problems in simple mode of thinking, to "philosophical thinking" of traditional philosophy China [1]73. this should be Tang Yijie's analysis of Chinese philosophy and major significance at the thought circle concept. From the consideration of "philosophical thinking", in view of traditional philosophy China Tang Yijie on malpractice is not advanced and independent problem, want to try to break through the traditional framework of Chinese philosophy of "harmony between heaven and man", "from another angle that China traditional philosophy" as a whole to study in [1]74, the concept and category of - proposition, the theoretical system of judgment - such a complete system to re plan Chinese philosophy, the spirit is very great, the idea is very meaningful.
Two, the concept, category analysis method
The initiation of the establishment of a Chinese traditional philosophy concept, category system idea, Tang Yijie made many beneficial attempts. His exploration of the concept and category system of Chinese traditional philosophy can be divided into two stages. The first phase is from early 1980s to mid 80s. This paper is also the most representative of the problems of the category system of Chinese traditional philosophy, which was published in 1981. In the "Guo Xiang and metaphysics" (1983) on this issue made a supplement, and in the "non" (1995) have done some modification. Another is the stage of the new century, Tang Yijie began to consider from the "true" and "goodness" and "beauty" of the re establishment of Chinese philosophy system perspective.
The focus on the first phase of construction of the category system China Yijie traditional philosophy analysis.
Tang Yijie from Marx's standpoint, put forward the research China traditional philosophical concept and category of scientific analysis methods: first, analysis of the concept and category of meaning; second, analysis of the development of the concept and category of meaning; third, the analysis of the concept, philosophers or philosophical factions category system; fourth, analyze the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign philosophy concept, category. Tang Yijie made a number of instructions for each step: on the first point, some of the concepts put forward by ancient Chinese philosophers are often vague and ambiguous. For example, the concept of "Tao", Lao Tzu to Lao Tzu fuzzy themselves are difficult to speak, can only use various claims to describe it, the "road" analysis is to determine its scientific and clear meaning. Another example is the concept of Guo Xiang's "natural", its meaning is very rich, Tang Yijie outlined at least five meanings, and the mutual connection and mutual transformation. In the second place, with the development of philosophy, the concept of some concepts in different times are often different. For example, the concept of "Qi" in the spring and Autumn period has been put forward, from the pre Qin to the Han Dynasty, has experienced the material to the spirit of the different development stages of moral and mystical changes after the Han Dynasty, more complex. The historical analysis of the concept that "can be obviously found between before and after the inheritance of" [1]43. on the third point, the concept and category of system of a philosopher or school of philosophy, a comprehensive understanding of the ideological system and level of the philosopher or school of philosophy. A system of philosophers or philosophical factions is often composed of several important concepts. For example, Guo Xiang's philosophy mainly consists of "yes" and "no", "sex" and "life", "self" and "to be" and "independence" and "for" four groups of basic concepts, analysis only among a group of words can not draw on a comprehensive and objective understanding of his philosophy and evaluation. On the fourth point, compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and foreign philosophy concept, category, there are three meanings: first, understanding of the characteristics and level of the Chinese and foreign philosophy; second, to see the foreign culture into effect on traditional culture; third, to observe how the absorption and integration of foreign culture. Generally speaking, through this analysis, we can better understand the characteristics and level of Chinese traditional philosophy [1]47.
The following steps proposed by Tang Yijie is also limited to the analysis of the concept of the system, several steps are connected with each other: starting from a single concept of philosophy, and then reach the whole philosopher or school of philosophy, to influence between Chinese and foreign philosophy at the same time, but also on their historical development, will undoubtedly be a rather large and comprehensive work. From the logical point of view, this method has its own rationality. Although it is difficult to analyze, it is still possible to construct a category system.
Three, the attempt of category system
Tang Yijie's conception of the category system of Chinese traditional philosophy draws lessons from western philosophy and Marx's philosophy.
He summed up Aristotle, Kant, Lenin and the Soviet Union in the dictionary of Philosophy in the category of view and definition, that the category can be explained from two aspects: one is the existence of a cognitive aspect. The relationship between these two aspects is: "the necessary condition of cognition is to reflect and represent the basic pattern of existence." the basic pattern of existence is only meaningful in the process of people's cognition." [1]49 also distinguishes concepts and categories, that the concept is not all categories, only the basic concept is the category. Tang Yijie put forward such an idea: "if we can use the China according to the basic concept of the ancient philosophers can form a manifestation of the traditional philosophy of how to use China to understand and explain the basic style of" existence "of the system, and can reveal the ideological development of traditional philosophy Chinese clues, it proves that the traditional philosophy is China the category system." [1]49 used the 20 basic concepts of ordinary Chinese traditional philosophy to construct China category system of traditional philosophy, and these concepts are divided into three parts. The first part is to explain the concept of the existence of the world; the second part is to express the concept of the existence of the form; the third part is to express the concept of human existence and understanding.
Chinese traditional philosophy is from the discussion of "heaven" and "human relations" problem and the "day" and "human" is always the center of each philosopher, and throughout China philosophy. So, starting from the relationship between heaven and man Tang Yijie to construct its category system. In the statement of the existence of the world, the Tang Yijie relationship between "heaven" and "people" is divided into two branches: a branch of Taoism, the other is a confucian. In the Taoist this one, Lao Tzu proposed relationship between "Tao" and "everything": "the way a life of two, two, three, three things." And said, "all things born in the world, there is no", "Tao" and "all things" can be used to "no" and "have" the concept of expression. To the Wei and Jin Dynasties metaphysics of multi ontology, the "no" and "have" and "body" and "use" to express. The "body" and "use" in the expression "the universe" and "human society" means can be used for "natural" and "teaching" of the concept expressed in the description; understanding of the noumenon of the universe and can use "meaning" and "language" of this concept to express. In this a Confucian, early put forward "the category" and "machine", "Yi Zhuan" said: "the metaphysical that way, and that the device." Said: "easy to Tai Chi, is the world", "Yin and Yang". Therefore, the "heaven" and "man" of this category derived from the "Tao" and "", and to "Tai Chi" and "Yin and Yang" of this concept to express. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Taoist system and the Confucian system. To the song and Ming Dynasties appeared not only inherited metaphysics, and Buddhism Confucianism after the formation of the absorption system of new - confucianism. The basic concepts of Neo Confucianism are "Li" and "Qi", "heart" and "object" and "heart" and "sex". Discussion on the problem of epistemology can be used "Gewu" and "poor" to sum up; Study on social problems can be used to "justice" and "desire" to express. Hagel will be compared to the history of philosophy circle, Lenin this very identity and the ancient Democritus --- Platon as a circle; the modern Rohrbacher, Hagel as a circle; Hagel - Feuerbach - Marx as a circle. Tang Yijie believes that the inductive method is equally applicable to China in traditional philosophy, the idea of the category system, Chinese traditional philosophy are grouped into three spiral circle: the first circle is the pre Qin period and is divided into two branches of Confucianism and Taoism, Confucianism, Mencius --- Xunzi Confucius; Chuang-tzu Lao Tzu - Jixia School of Taoism -. The second circle is in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Bi, Xiang Xiu - Guo Xiang (or Wang Bi, Guo Xiang - Sengzhao). The third circle is the song and Ming Dynasty, Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi, Wang Fuzhi. Although this classification is similar to the traditional Chinese philosophy, it is also a kind of innovation. In the second part of the construction of existing form, Tang Yijie only lists three categories: "static" and "dynamic", "ordinary" and "change" and "positive" and "reverse". The "static" and "dynamic" is one of the most fundamental category, "Chang" and "change" and "positive" and "anti" is "static" and "dynamic" form. In the third part of the understanding of human existence and construction, Tang Yijie lists five categories: "for God" and "form", "sex" and "emotion", "knowledge" and "action", "name" and "reality" and "energy" and "the research problem Chinese." the traditional philosophy of "human" has been the focus, "spirit" and "body" of the relationship in the pre Qin period has been discussed, this part of the problem can be used to "God" and "form" to express. In ethics, the discussion on the problem of human nature has produced a variety of Public opinions are divergent., human nature theory, such as the "evil nature" theory of goodness ""...... And then there is a "good and evil nature of love", "static and dynamic" and other words, this part of the content can be "sex" and "love" to the category of generalization. "Knowledge" and "action" problem has also been the focus of Chinese ancient philosophers, it is with the "name" and "reality" and the introduction of Buddhism "" "" together constitute about the problem of understanding the basic concept.
The conception of the system is constructed from three aspects: the origin of the existence, the form of existence, the understanding of the existence of human being, [1]7, which corresponds to the three part of the former. It is only possible to construct a system of conceptual categories. How to construct the system of China category of traditional philosophy is a Different people, different views. problems, "on the issue" Chinese category system of traditional philosophy itself is a possible attempt and discussion, and the way of thinking about "still reflects the philosophy textbook since 1949 some of the effects of [1]7. from the perspective of understanding the existence and construction of category system Chinese the traditional philosophy, tend to" the history of philosophy as a kind of understanding of the history of the development of investigation "[1]6, not very good to show their own characteristics Chinese traditional philosophy. Later, he proposed the construction of category system from the angle of "truth", "goodness" and "beauty". The general idea is from the "heaven" and "people" the most basic concept of deduce contains "true" and "goodness" and "beauty" of the three dimensions of the category system, the relation between heaven and man as the fundamental problem of Chinese traditional philosophy, to get rid of "thinking and existence" model for the analysis of Chinese traditional philosophy dogmatic approach. Tang Yijie, as the author of this problem, puts forward two different standpoints and views, which is still a reasonable attempt.
Four, the evaluation of the category system
The category of China philosophical problems based on ordinary analysis, we should see the positive side, but also to see the limitations of the times.
In a positive sense, first, Tang Yijie began to build category system Chinese traditional philosophical problems from a new perspective on the ideological circles in 1980 when just starting to thaw, caused strong repercussions at the time of the ideological circles, to break through the original two yuan on the vertical frame of materialism and idealism indeed play a positive role in promoting. This new problem raised by Tang Yijie caused a series of philosophical problems are presented and discussed, open a new research field of philosophy China, "create a custom beginning" role. Second, start thinking about philosophical issues China Tang Yijie category, is changing from "philosophy" to an independent philosophical questions "philosophers". Tang Yijie believes that Aristotle has made a summary of the category of ancient Greek philosophy through the category, and the logic of the modern western philosophy has been summarized by the logic of Hagel. He put forward the problem is to study how to China category of traditional philosophy to make a summary, and the establishment of Chinese category system of traditional philosophy, which itself represents a kind of grand verve. Third, Tang Yijie think, "a system of philosophy will be a set of concepts (categories) and judgment (proposition)." and after a series of reasoning theory. Chinese and traditional philosophy does not have a set of concepts, similar to that of western philosophy category system, this will cause people to have no doubts philosophy of Chinese. Although there is no concept and category system similar to western philosophy, it does not mean that the category system of Chinese philosophy does not exist. Tang Yijie's attempt to construct the concept and category system of Chinese traditional philosophy, in a certain sense, answers the question of whether China has philosophy.
At the same time, we also want to see Tang Yijie on the construction of China traditional philosophical concepts, the category system also has some historical limitations: first, the 30 years from 1949 to 1980, Chinese thinking of traditional philosophy philosophy can be said to be "the main thought of a political, not philosophical thinking" although [1]73. since the beginning of 80s Tang Yijie to change Chinese philosophy of materialism and idealism against the armed forces situation through the establishment of Chinese traditional philosophical concepts and category system, but still inevitably has some influence, until 90s to replace the idea began to change. Second, research on the category of China philosophy is open a new era of Tang Yijie trend, but this problem easily, you really want to establish a set of system is very difficult. Tang Yijie made some efforts in this aspect, such as the 1983 publication of "metaphysics" and the spirit of Guo Xiang, one of which is "through the research category for the category system of metaphysics" Chinese philosophy of [1]3; he has also been systematically discussed some concepts, such as "" and "" "no" system of "yes" and "no" to this category. But these studies focus on the basic of metaphysics in this period, and to constitute a system there is a considerable gap. In early 1930s, Zhang Dainian completed the "Outline" philosophy China writing into cosmology, life theory, knowledge on the three section of many China philosophical category of traditional philosophy, is the first Chinese Chinese philosophy history, Chinese philosophical history. Study on the history of Chinese philosophical category in 1980s after the boom, Ge published "China philosophy gain glory history" in 1987, divided into 22 chapters to explain the 20 China philosophy category; after Zhang Liwen respectively in 1988 and 1995 published the "category China copious and fluent philosophy development history" (the article) and "category China the development of philosophy history" (humanitarian articles), this period is of the most representative areas of philosophy China heavy work. In contrast, the study of the Chinese Philosophy in the field of Chinese philosophy has its own characteristics, but it is only a design, and has not yet been studied comprehensively and deeply.
In short, however, as the new period first began to break through the ordinary one of scholars for philosophical thinking of philosophy China dogmatism, the research category of Chinese philosophy he influence on contemporary philosophy is not to be underestimated. This issue has a profound inspiration to the study of Chinese philosophy and the history of philosophy. After the middle of 80s Tang Yijie began to pay attention to Chinese in traditional philosophy of beauty, also from this aspect to find a better way of establishing China category system of traditional philosophy, visible on China philosophy is a breakthrough and innovation process, we should continue to move forward in the philosophy of the continuous development of the road.
[reference]
[1] Tang yijie. Yijie set (sixth volumes) [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China press, 2014
[2] Hu Jun. Exploring the true, the good and the beautiful [M]. Beijing: Peking University press, 2007: 54
[3] Tang yijie. My philosophy road [M]. Beijing: Xinhua press, 2006: 5