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Effects of Fertilization on canopy structure, photosynthetic

时间:2021-08-11 来源:未知 编辑:梦想论文 阅读:
Shajiang black soil is the Huang Huai Region in the low yielding soil contains clay minerals dominated by smectite, with heavy clay texture, poor soil structure property, dry shrinkage swelling, easy prone to drought waterlogging, barren soil, arable characteristics of the short duration of [1]. The annual rainfall in this area is between 750 mm and 900 mm, and the rainfall is concentrated from 55% to 6 in 50% to August. The precipitation time and precipitation are not in harmony with the crop water requirement, and the crop water use efficiency is low. The results show that the straw returning to improving Shajiang black soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient supplement, increase the content of soil organic matter, improve water infiltration capacity, water conservation, increase crop yield, improve water use efficiency of effective measures [2-4].
 
 
 
Maize is the second largest food crop in China, mainly from leaf photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, by the intensity of solar radiation, canopy structure (leaf area index, leaf orientation value), water and nutrient utilization factors influence [5-9]. Dong s t [10] the research results show that the reasonable density can improve the canopy conditions, effects of canopy photosynthesis system, increase crop yield. Wang Xiaojuan [11] confirmed that the enrichment of organic fertilizer can significantly improve maize leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, reducing CO2 concentration between the vesicular, improve the yield. Shen x s results [12] showed that maize straw returning improve the soil moisture storage capacity, promote the photosynthesis of plant and dry matter accumulation, improve the yield and water use efficiency. However, there are few reports on the research of straw mulching on maize canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics and leaf water use efficiency. In this experiment, the set CK, measured soil formula fertilization, straw and measuring distribution of formula fertilization by soil test treatments, the effects of different fertilization measures on maize canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics and leaf water use efficiency, for improving Shajiang black soil region of the crop water use efficiency so as to provide a theoretical basis for the.
 
 
 
1, materials and methods
 
 
 
1.1, test soil
 
 
 
The field experiment was carried out in Anhui Water Conservancy Science Research Institute of Huaihe Water Resources Department of province, Water Conservancy Science Research Institute. Test area 117 degrees E 21', 33 degrees 09'N, altitude 16 ~ 22.5 m, the average precipitation of nearly 930 years about 10 mm, the annual evaporation at about 960 mm, annual sunshine 1755 h, average daily temperature of 15.1 degrees celsius. Soil types in Shajiang black soil, loamy clay, topsoil of 0 ~ 20 cm; basic physicochemical properties were pH 7. 95, organic matter 11. 10 g / kg, 0. 76 g / kg total N, total P 0. 39 g / kg, total potassium 15. 60 g / kg, alkali solution nitrogen 67. 53 mg / kg, available P 42. 72 mg / kg, quick acting potassium 124. 00 mg / kg; viscous grain content 30. 3%, sand content 38. 2%, total porosity 51. 6%, soil bulk density 1. 32 g / cm3.
 
 
 
1.2, test design
 
 
 
The experiment was carried out from the beginning of June 2009 in the implementation of the hydrological station, wheat maize rotation, selection of Maize in 2010 6 to October was studied. A total of 3 experimental treatments: no fertilizer control (CK), soil testing and formulated fertilization (PF), soil testing and formula fertilization + straw incorporation (PF + JG). Each treatment had 3 replicates, a total of 9 cells, each with an area of 60 m2. Test of formula fertilization by soil according to soil test results set: wheat season n, P2O5 and K2O respectively according to 225 kg / hm2, 90 kg / hm2 and 90 kg / hm2 formulated application, which N ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing at jointing stage 50: 50; maize season n, P2O5 and K2O respectively according to 270Kg / hm2, 60 kg / hm2 and 80 kg / hm2 formulated application, nitrogen fertilizer and big trumpet topdressing proportion 60: 40. Wheat and corn are used for fertilizer P and K. Wheat and maize straw (crushing 3 ~ 5 cm) was 7500 kg/hm2. Maize varieties for hongdae No. 8, sown in June 23, 2010 and harvested in October 2, 2010. Maize row spacing of 60 cm, 30 cm of plant spacing, planting density is about 1 hm26. 75 * 104 line. Irrigation and pest control in accordance with conventional methods.
 
 
1.3, the determination of the project and methods
 
 
 
At large bell stage topdressing after 1 weeks (from July 29th to August 5th, Ye Zhankai, 12) to determine the physiological and biochemical indexes. Leaf area index (LAI): leaf area index (LAI) = leaf area per plant (M2) * population density. Leaf area per plant (cm2) = leaf length (CM) * width (CM) * 0.75. Corn leaf length, leaf width, leaf high (leaf base to leaves was the highest at length) and leaf angle (i.e. leaf angle with the horizontal plane) reference method [Xue Ji congruent with the 13] determination, each process sampling 3 strains measured spreads its leaves, each treatment was repeated three times. Determination of leaf to value (LOV) method: reference Zhang Yuqin and other methods, 3 strains of each treatment, select from the upper to the lower 1 ~ 6 leaf determination, repeat 3 times.
 
 
 
[]
 
 
 
In the formula, theta is leaf inclination, Lf leaf (CM), high L (CM), leaf length and leaf number was n. Photosynthetic and water utilization efficiency determination method: 8: 00 to 11: 00, under natural light using the li-cor production LI6400 photosynthetic apparatus for testing maize inverted second leaf photosynthetic rate (PN), intercellular CO2 concentration (CI), transpiration rate (TR), stomatal conductance, continuous determination of 5 sunny days, and take the average value, such as the case of wet days extended. Each treatment was taken from 2 strains, and each treatment was repeated 3 times. Leaf water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated according to the formula WUE = Tr Pn/. Dry matter accumulation was measured by drying method.
 
 
 
1.4 statistical methods of mining
 
 
 
Microsoft Excel 2007 data processing and mapping. Using SPSS 19 for single factor analysis of variance, using Duncan's method for multiple comparisons.
 
 
 
2, knot fruit
 
 
 
2.1. Effect of Fertilization on the canopy structure of Maize
 
 
 
Under different fertilization measures, the maize leaf area index (LAI) showed PF + JG treatment > PF treatment > control (Fig. 1). Straw returning (PF + JG) processing of corn Lai (4. 22) compared with the control and PF treatment were increased by 103. 35% and 27. 56%. The difference was significant (P < 0. 05), PF + JG treatment can increase the population photosynthetic area, promote photosynthetic production. This may be related to the increase of soil nutrient content, and promote the growth of maize, 2, 12.
 
 
 
Fig. 1 Effect of Fertilization on leaf area index of maize booting stage
 
 
 
The PF + JG treatment of maize plant height (100. 2 cm) than in CK and PF treatment were increased by 28. 74% and 15. 84%, reached a significant level (P < 0. 05); corn leaf orientation value showed CK > with PF > PF +JG rules (Table 1). After straw returning maize plants in booting stage and leaf orientation value than CK and PF treatments were decreased by 7.05% and 5.60%. Straw returning to the field that, in summer maize leaves than CK and PF treated more flat, good plant type, for light interception and light energy utilization.
 
 
 
Table 1 fertilization on the big trumpet period of the maize leaf orientation value and influence of high strain
 
 
 
2.2. Effect of Fertilization on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Maize
 
 
 
2. 2. 1, the photosynthetic rate under different fertilization practices corn leaf photosynthetic rate in the 8: 30 to 10: 30 between both over time and rising, namely with light according to the increase of strength, leaf photosynthesis of corn growing (Figure 2). The average photosynthetic rate of maize leaves treated with PF + JG (17.15 mol / (s / m2) than CK and PF treatments increased by 69.97% and 40.25% respectively, and the difference reached significant level (P < 0.05).
 
 
 
2.2 2, the effect of intercellular CO2 concentration on the intercellular CO2 concentration of maize leaves was affected by the efficiency of leaf cell, and then the leaf photosynthesis was regulated by 15. Corn intercellular CO2 concentration and photosynthetic rate showed the opposite trend, namely the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration with time and continue to decline. This is because CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis, reduced the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Figure 2). At 8: 30, the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration there was no significant difference (P > 0. 05); then the PF +JG processing the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (181. 91 Mu mol / mol) than in CK and PF treatment were decreased by 19. 73% and 12. 86%, reached the significant level of difference (P < 0. 05). This was related to the improvement of photosynthetic rate and the utilization efficiency of CO2 in leaf.
 
2.3 2, the stomatal conductance of stomatal control of the plant body and the external environment of water, gas exchange, and then affect the photosynthesis of plants. 17. Corn leaf stomatal conduction showed PF +JG treatment > pf treatment > CK pattern (Figure 2); average leaf stomatal PF +JG guide [0. 29 mol / (m2 / s)] compared with CK and PF treatment were increased 25. 06% and 12. 41% and at 10: 30 reached significant difference (P < 0. 05).
 
 
 
2.3. The effect of Fertilization on the water use efficiency of maize leaves
 
 
 
Plant in the absorption of CO2 for photosynthesis and transpiration release a certain amount of water vapor, the level of a single leaf moisture utilization efficiency by photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate ratio [18]. Corn leaf water use efficiency (Figure 3) from 8: 30 to start with the passage of time and will continue to increase, and from 9: 30, PF + JG treatment of corn leaf water utilization efficiency was significantly higher than that of CK and PF treatment (P < 0.05). The average water use efficiency (6.07 mu mol/mol) in PF + JG treatment leaves was and 47.77% higher than that of H and PF treatment, respectively. The average water use efficiency was 2 and 30.83%, respectively.
 
 
 
Fig. 2 Effect of Fertilization on Maize tasselling stage photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance
 
 
 
Fig. 3 Effect of Fertilization on leaf water use efficiency of Maize at booting stage
 
 
 
2.4 effect of Fertilization on dry matter accumulation of Maize
 
 
Maize Dry matter accumulation is the process of using CO2 to carry on photosynthesis, which is then transformed into maize biomass. The PF + JG, big trumpet period of the Maize Dry matter accumulation, is the treatment of CK and PF 3. 28 times and 1. 75 times, the difference reached significant level (P < 0. 05) (Figure 4). This may be because straw to field increased the leaf area index, enhanced photosynthesis, and thus increased the biomass.
 
 
Figure 4 fertilization influence on dry matter accumulation of Maize at booting stage
 
 
3, discuss
 
 
Leaf water use efficiency (WUE) indicates that the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by unit water consumption is the ratio of the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of leaves, which is influenced by the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate (18). When the soil water stress, photosynthetic rate decreased at a rate greater than transpiration, the WUE of leaf drop; but under drought stress, the crop is mainly by reducing transpiration rate to improve the water use efficiency [19].
 
 
Fertilization is an important factor affecting the leaves of corn WUE. The film double furrow sowing treatment can significantly improve the dryland corn WUE of leaf [20]; wheat straw stubble and covering field can significantly improve the WUE of summer maize leaf [21]; wheat straw stubble returning the WUE of leaf significantly higher standing stubble and crop [16]. The test results show that the wheat straw to make big bell of corn WUE of leaf control and measurement formula fertilization by soil (PF) treatments were increased by 47. 77% and 30. 83%. This may be because: (1) after wheat straw (PF + JG treatment) increased soil organic matter content, the maximum soil moisture effective storage capacity than the control and the PF treated 8. 25% and 20. 8% respectively, enhanced soil aggregate of water conservation capacity [2], and soil water status and crop photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of important because [22], and change of WUE of leaves. (2) after straw returning improves the soil nutrients and organic matter content, promote the growth of maize [2], increase the corn plant height, leaf area index, reduced the leaf to the value (LOV), improve the corn canopy structure, while the latter is one of the important factors that influence crop population light distribution and photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield of maize were controlled by micro environment, such as water, heat, gas and so on. To improve the ventilation and light transmittance of the canopy, and enhance the photosynthetic performance of the population is an important way to improve the photosynthetic efficiency and the material production capacity of crop population. In agricultural production by row spacing [23], adjust the plant type and leaf orientation to influence the canopy structure, improve effective interception, improve population productivity [24]. Blade is the main photosynthetic organs of crop, its size directly affects the photosynthetic rate and photosynthetic efficiency; stem leaf angle is decided population light transmission and light pose an important indicator of [25]; ear above the leaf orientation value is integrated indicator reflecting the ear above the leaf in the stem and space allocation. The leaf to the larger value that leaves more upward, more compact plant type. The results showed that the corn leaf area could be increased by 30.67% ~ 15.72%, which was beneficial to the photosynthesis of leaves. The test results show that straw (PF + JG) make big trumpet period of the maize plant high than the control and the measurement of formula fertilization by soil (PF) were increased by 28. 74% and 15. 84%, and the leaf area than the control and the measurement of formula fertilization by soil (PF) increase by. 05% and 5. 60% respectively, and the leaf area index (LAI) than the control and the measurement of formula fertilization by soil (PF) were increased by 103. 35% and 27. 56%, the leaf orientation value (LOV) compared with the control and measurement of formula fertilization by soil (PF) were reduced by 7. 05% and 5. 60%. This showed that straw mulching increased the effective absorption area of maize leaves, improved the canopy structure, which was beneficial to the light interception and utilization of light energy.
 
 
Stomatal conductance is a characterization of the degree of stomatal opening, which has an important effect on the photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate. In stomatal conductance of small stage, transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate increased with the increase of stomatal conductance; but when stomatal conductance reached a certain value, stomatal degree increased with the transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate decreased in different degree [27]. Stomatal switch regulates the intercellular CO2 concentration in the leaves, which influences the photosynthetic rate and the accumulation of photosynthetic products. Goofy et al. 26 confirmed that straw mulching could increase photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of maize, promote photosynthesis and increase grain yield. Wheat straw and stubble and mulching can change corn consumption law of water and reduce evaporation in early stages, increase the transpiration of late, and increase the accumulation of dry matter, improve the WUE of leaf [21].
 
Through the study found that the PF + JG treatment increased the leaf area index (LAI) of summer maize tasselling stage and plant height, decreased the leaf to the value (LOV), improve the corn canopy structure. The PF + JG treatment also enhances the summer maize tasselling stage light photosynthetic capacity and photosynthetic rate (PN), transpiration rate (TR), stomatal conductance than pf treatment were increased by 40%, 6. 11% and 12. 41%, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (CI) compared with the control and PF treatment were less 19. 73% and 12. 86%. Straw returning treatment big trumpet period of Summer Maize Dry matter accumulation respectively is processing control and PF 3. 28 times and 1. 75 times; leaf WUE compared with PF treatment were increased by 47. 77% and 30. 83%, indicating that straw promoted the big trumpet period of the maize leaf photosynthesis and increased the dry matter accumulation. Therefore, through the straw fertilization measures can increase the content of soil organic matter [29], improve soil structure, adjust the soil moisture, increase soil moisture storage capacity and utilization [2]; while improving the corn canopy structure, improve the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, reduce leaf CO2 concentration, improve the WUE of leaf, promote the photosynthesis of maize and dry matter accumulation, for corn yield lay good material basis.
 
reference
 
[1] Li Decheng, Zhang Ganlin, Gong Zi with. The sand the Vertisol soil system classification [J]. Soil, 2011, 43 (4): 623-629.
 
89-95. [2] Jinyou, Du Paul see, Gao Hongjian, etc.. Maize straw returned to the field of sand lime concretion black soil moisture dynamics and winter wheat water use efficiency [J]. Journal of Triticeae crops, 2013, 33 (1)
 
[3] Zhan Q h, Zhang Xiaopu, Yuan Zhaoliang. The effect of returning straw to field of Shajiang black soil amended and its mechanism study [J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2002, 29 (1): 53-59.
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