Introduction
In mid twentieth Century, in order to quickly change the depression after World War II, the western countries generally carried out large-scale urban renewal movement, in the central area of the city to carry out a wide range of old building new activities [1]. in this process, a large number of precious cultural relics were destroyed and even die. To this end, in 1960s, the international began to focus on the protection of the historic district, the Venice charter, the Nairobi proposal, the Washington charter and a series of international regulations have been introduced [2], the concept of the historic district and the protection of the contents of the definition, but also to provide guidance for the protection of historic neighborhoods in various countries.
In our country, the protection of historic district has also experienced similar difficulties and exploration process. Since the reform and opening up 30 years, China's urban construction has made remarkable achievements, but in the urban expansion of urban land value continues to rise in the background, the historic district located in the city center because of its superior geographical conditions often become the development and pursuit of the interests of the conflict between the development and protection of the [3]., the Chinese scholars in the international regulations, the protection of historical blocks. Early in the discussion, the scholars from the perspective of material to repair of that should be on the construction of "authenticity" repair [4], do the "repair the old, such as old and authentic" [5]. At the same time, the historical block protection should also overall style and texture of streets of repair and unified [6], in order to achieve the continuity of urban history. On the basis of material protection, some scholars from the perspective of historical context, we should protect the integrity of the historic and cultural resources, cultural elements into the building, to restore the true history of [7]. into twenty-first Century, along with the economic development, some scholars from the perspective of the economic development, and some scholars from the perspective of history, that the protection is not conducive to mobilize the enthusiasm, and in the protection of buildings is the basis of reasonable development is the discussion of the right protection mode [8]. although with the deepening of the discussion, the historical block in the protection of the historical block, including the construction and streets of the material space, including the construction and the streets of the historical block, but to the historical block, including the building and streets. Mainstream view.
However, compared with the protection of material space, the academic circles have little attention to the social space of the historic district. Although in recent years, with the increasing concern of the social vulnerable groups, Chinese scholars in the study of urban village, urban fringe zone of the social space are explored and tried to from the psychological perception of the residents, living environment, education, health care, business and leisure facilities to meet the urban vulnerable groups demand [9,10 -13]. However, due to the protection of historical neighborhoods are more concerned about is how to protect the physical space, and life to the residents living needs and interests are often ignored. Especially in the protection of the historic district of the planning, the interests of the residents failed to reflect. To this end, this study from the perspective of social justice, Changshou City historic district as an example, to explore the life status and needs of residents living in the historic district, and to focus on the protection of the material space for reflection, hope to protect and develop the policy of the historic district to develop a useful.
Two research area survey and research method
1 research area survey
Changshu City is a county-level city of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, under the jurisdiction of, is located in the southeast of Jiangsu Province, has more than 3000 years of history, is one of the birthplace of Wu culture. Because of a large number of historical monuments in the city, in 1986, Changshu was the State Council for the second batch of national historical and cultural city.
This study selected is located in Changshu City, the ancient city of the district in the vicinity of the four historic district (Nan Jing Tang traditional blocks, Xi Jing shore protection of traditional houses District, Qinchuan river for the protection of the traditional houses district and the South Gate of the altar on the historic district) as the research object. The four historic districts a total population of about 2 million people, Changshu City, the existing cultural relics protection units, texture of streets of the clear, the overall size of the largest and wealthiest traditional region characteristic of historical block protection. Four blocks within the existing national key cultural relics protection units of the two, the provincial cultural relics protection units 3, 26 municipal cultural relics protection units, most of the other buildings and courtyards local characteristics significantly, building shape complete, relatively well preserved, with a total area of area of 75 hectares.
2 research methods
In this study, we used the method of questionnaire survey, in May 2012, in the study area to the housing compound as the unit, to which the residents were randomly carried out a questionnaire survey. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed, and 466 valid questionnaires were collected. The content of the questionnaire is not only related to the social and economic attributes of the residents, but also to the residents' living needs and district transformation will be investigated. At the same time, the relevant government officials, the city investment company, community managers, residents and other 20 people were in-depth interviews, in order to understand the existing problems and the relevant transformation of the historic district.
Three material space oriented protection of Historic District in Changshu
As a national historical and cultural city with rich historical sites, Changshou City has been working on the protection of historic blocks in the preparation of the historic district. Domain in the city planning level, "Changshu city overall planning", the ancient city of Changshu control detailed planning "has put forward the general requirements and specific control index for the historical block protection; planning level in the block, after 2003 have been compiled by the organization for the Nan Jing hall for the protection of the traditional houses conservation and improvement plan of the," Xi Jing shore protection of the traditional houses in remediation planning ", the Qinchuan river for the protection of the traditional houses renovation planning" and the South Gate of the altar conservation planning of historic districts ", respectively from the construction improvement, environmental remediation, functional integration, transportation organizations put forward the reformation scheme of the physical space in historic district. In addition, Qinchuan River region in 2009 carried out environmental remediation and housing Wailimian rectification works, appearance of block and the environment of the overall maintenance and management, in the hope that through a series of planning and construction, protection and restoration of historic districts, including environment and construction material.
However, what needs to be pointed out is, Changshu city historical block in all kinds of planning from the physical space of the remediation of, in the actual operation of rectification work superficial, the implementation of housing facades and street landscape rectification, blocks to pursue in the style of unity. This "dress hats, face extraction" transforms the way [14], not only the renovation of buildings, streets and other physical space play a substantive effect and due to the lack of social humane care to the residents in the neighborhood, making rectification work does not accord with the people's real intention, and people can not meet the actual demand, and neighborhood residents of life into the dilemma. Therefore, this study takes residents in the historic district as the object of study, from the perspective of the living needs of residents, to reflect on the protection mode of the space orientation of this kind of material.
Four historic block: the poverty of urban residential area
Successive governments in Changshou City have a cautious attitude in the transformation of historic blocks. Although the government has paid attention to the historic district is gradually decline, but the renewal of the historic district has been caught before, always unable to introduce the reformation scheme of the order of the departments of cultural relics protection, residents, radical historical activists parties agree. The social space and the material space of the historic district of Changshou City have been marginalized and become the poor community in the city.
1 social space marginalization
(1) the proportion of the population of the outside is significant
Foreign population is a vulnerable group in the city, they tend to choose the city of convenient transportation, low rent places to live in. Survey shows that the proportion of foreign residents in the respondents reached 7.2, compared with the proportion of foreign population and household registration in Changshou City (25%) 32.2% percentage points higher. This shows that the population structure of Changshou City historic district presents obvious characteristics, and the historical block is one of the main settlements of the floating population. Four historic neighborhoods are located in the center of the city, a large number of jobs and customers are located near the downtown business district. At the same time, the living and working are very convenient for migrant workers and individual traders. In the investigation, the District rent is 320 yuan per month, much lower than the price of other communities in the same location.
(2) the phenomenon of aging is serious
Related research shows that, with the decline of Urban Old City material space, the ability of young people have moved out, and the old man because of age, physical condition, economic ability, emotion and other factors, to continue to stay in the old city [15], resulting in growing community aging. The findings of this study also reflect this problem. Living in the historic district of the old residents of the old people, 50 years of age accounted for 86.2% of the total population, of which 60 years of age accounted for 71.8%. In recent years, some of the conditions for the pursuit of better living environment have moved out, the entire block in the age structure of the aging trend.
(3) low income levels of residents
Changshou City historic district residents are mostly in the middle of the lower income strata of society. From the perspective of income, the vast majority of respondents (83.5%) monthly income of 3000 yuan, 10.7% of the residents in the following 1000 yuan per month, lower than the average monthly income of 3659 yuan per capita in Suzhou city. To explore its causes, the study on the degree of education and employment structure was analyzed, found in the degree, the vast majority of respondents (90%) in high school and below, in terms of occupation structure, the majority of workers (55.3%) and small business practitioners (12.3%), low education and low income occupation led to the low income level residents in the city, becoming the city's poor community.
2 material space marginalization
(1) the decline of housing quality
Changshu city historical block houses are more than a hundred years of history, traditional wooden architecture in after years of baptism has been overwhelmed, the quality of construction, the protection of cultural relics building is dangerous. In the field survey, through the courtyard as a unit to the construction quality evaluation of the historic district, found that only 3.8% of the courtyard building quality is good or very good, as many as 69.4% of the construction quality is poor or very poor. Most of the residents living in dilapidated buildings, eager for housing structure reinforcement, in order to improve the quality of housing.
(2) the mixed congestion of residential space
Living space is one of the criteria to measure housing conditions. In the historic district of Changshou City, the residents are very common in the phenomenon of mixed living, living space and building up the private building. Living in the hybrid, the four historical block memory in serious mixed residential and courtyards hybrid phenomenon, the proportion of single family detached for 41. 1%, the vast majority of courtyard for multifamily mixed, namely households living in the same eaves. According to the survey, six households above mixed housing accounted for 34. 2%, and more than 10 households mixed proportion reached 11. 6%, each courtyard is entered on average 5. 19 families, living conditions is not optimistic. In the living space, historic district residents in the average living space for 53. 9 square meters, 23. 7 square metres per capita living space and crowded living space. In short, as an old block of Historic District, living environment is very poor, need to improve.
(3) lack of municipal facilities
In addition to housing quality and living space, the relevant municipal facilities in Changshou City historic district is not satisfactory, the main performance in the gas, drainage and other municipal pipelines and public toilets are a serious shortage of configuration. In the gas pipeline, although the city's new residential areas are on the gas pipeline, but the vast majority of residents (78%) in the historic block is still the main gas source, only 1.7% of the residents of the home installed gas pipeline. In the area of sewage discharge, more than 30% of the residents living sewage directly into the ground or in the river, a serious impact on the living environment. In the public toilet configuration, 61.5% of the residents use public toilets or portable toilets, 38.5% of the residents using self built toilets.
Serious lack of municipal facilities to the residents of the life has brought many inconvenience, municipal facilities need to be improved. To sum up, the residents of Changshou City historic district in the social space, the characteristics of the aging, low income, is the city's vulnerable groups. At the same time, in the material space, the construction quality, residential space and the configuration of the municipal facilities can not meet the needs of the residents living, therefore, the historic district of Changshou City city in the poor community. This kind of community is related to the social and economic background of the residents. However, the government is difficult to protect the historic district. Therefore, at the same time, the government should listen to the voice of the local residents, and can not be the victim of the protection of the historic district.
Five residential demand analysis
Historical block protection can not blindly emphasize the "authentic" protection, but should increase the social care of the residents living in it. To this end, this study from the perspective of residents' needs, to improve the living environment, public services and relocation will, etc..
1 living environment improvement
Good living environment is the most basic needs of the residents living. Changshu city historical block protection although dilapidated buildings and street scenes of renovation, and achieved certain results, but the survey residents still in some aspects of the rectification of the intention.
From the results of the survey, the history of the residents of different facilities in the transformation of the attitude of different. In general, residents of the water, network, garbage collection, gas pipelines, sewage drainage and other aspects of the status quo is more accepted.
Investigate its reason, due to the implementation of government reform measures, water, garbage collection, sewage drainage facilities has been basically put in place; at the same time, because the network is not necessary for the aging of the population, and the gas pipeline has a low cost alternative, therefore, residents of these two types of municipal facilities is not urgent.
In contrast, in the indoor toilet and housing quality improvement, 51.3% and 64.4% of the residents believe that the need for improvement in these two aspects. Through the interview found that as it relates to the structure of housing, the government did not to the housing of substantial transformation and residents confined to protection policy and and the lack of financial resources, is unable to carry on the treatment.
Thus, the historic district after a series of rectification, has achieved results in many ways. However, the residents living in an urgent need of indoor toilets, housing quality improvement, due to the construction of protection, rectification work is difficult to promote. Therefore, in the historical block protection work, it is suggested that we should carry on the comprehensive reform of the building style and the block texture, and should not neglect the livelihood of the people's livelihood in order to protect the historic district.
2 service facilities
The use of public service facilities is also affecting the quality of life of the residents. To this end, this study selects the most relevant commercial, medical, cultural, sports four facilities, the residents of the district to investigate, explore the historical district residents of service facilities.
Because of the city center district, Changshou City Historic District of various types of urban public service facilities are more perfect, the survey results also confirmed this special point. The vast number of people in the public recognition, business facilities (96.1%), medical facilities (92.8%) use of facilities or very convenient, good facilities. Comparatively speaking, the configuration of the culture and sports facilities is poor. There is no cultural activity center and street common sports facilities, so, 52.2% of people said that the use of sports facilities is not convenient or very convenient, 25.5% of people said that the use of cultural facilities is not convenient or very convenient. Because of the special nature of the population structure in the historic district, there are many people, old people and old people, and the old man is weak. Therefore, it should be in the history of the transformation of sports and cultural facilities, reflecting the humane care.
3 residents will move
Since 2000, the old city has become one of the main trends of urban development in China. In urban renewal, usually involves the demolition resettlement problems, so there are a lot of demolition nail, therefore, the city government to remove a cautious attitude. However, the history of the decline of the historic district of Changshou City is very different, most people want to be taken, to improve the living conditions. This is mainly due to the living environment and service facilities is poor, leading to the residents moving desire than other strong community.
According to the survey, the overall view, the original residents and foreign tenants in the relocation will show different characteristics. In the former residents, more than half (52.8%) of the residents of different places to support or very supportive of the state, far greater than the right to meet the people in the opinion of the people (28.1%). A cross analysis of the relocation of the original inhabitants of the residents, the residents in the very support or support, the proportion of residents in the monthly income of less than 2000 yuan (54.5%), the proportion of residents less than 2000 yuan (39.1%) 15.4 percentage points higher than those who do not support, that is in favor of residents, low income people more. According to the interview, this is mainly because of the low income people who are unable to change the status quo, and can only rely on the government's relocation and resettlement compensation to improve the living environment. Different from the original residents, the vast majority (75.2%) of the foreign tenants to hold the attitude of not know. Investigate its reason, although off-site relocation, the relocation of the population will bring a certain degree of impact, such as rent increases, residential location change, but not related to the fundamental interests of property rights, so most tenants take a wait-and-see attitude.
Through the analysis, we can see that people's income level, the size of the rights and interests of the difference, the different living conditions of the residents of different degrees of relocation will also be different. Therefore, the renewal of historic district renewal should fully respect the wishes of local residents, take effective and targeted programs to ensure the realization of social justice.
Six conclusions
In this study, through the questionnaire survey of the residents of the historic district of Changshou City, the paper discusses the requirements of residential area and the residents in the current historic district.
First of all, the historic district is not transformed in the urban areas of poverty.
About Changshu's survey shows that the residents of the historic district of the population, aging, low income levels in the social space is marginalized. In addition, the decline in housing, residential living space, various types of municipal facilities and other issues, such as serious problems, so that the historical block into the material space of the decline of community.
Second, the residents of a strong desire to improve the living environment. According to the survey, in the living environment, indoor toilets and construction quality is in need of improvement; in the public service facilities, culture, sports facilities need to consider the needs of the elderly and the population; in different places, should be targeted at the specific groups of historical neighborhoods to develop a reasonable demolition program, and through these aspects of rectification, activation of the urban poor living area.
Third, the reflection on the protection of the existing historic blocks. The existing historical block protection policies and planning are excessively emphasized, but neglect the will and needs of the residents living in it. In the absence of a reasonable historical block, the historic district has become a city in the poor community and the edge community. Therefore, the protection of historic district should not only comply with the requirements of the relevant laws and regulations of the state, but also pay attention to the needs of residents in order to protect the social justice of the development of historic blocks, and realize the regeneration of historic blocks.
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