From the perspective of governance, the construction of the new relationship between government, University and society is to put the three as a whole, in the interactive relationship between the consideration and grasp, and strive to build the interests of the main responsibility of the unified, both active and coordinated control system. According to the new requirements of the central government ground, put the tube, the provincial government to a connecting link between the preceding and the following play a co ordinating role, through strengthening responsibility, promote the transformation functions, reform of management mode, enhance the "tube" ability; local colleges and universities should play the main role in the school, in strong chemical operation standard, improve the academic system and system, enhance the "level"; regional social intermediary organizations to play participation, support and oversight role, through organizational restructuring, the ability to upgrade and industry self-discipline, to enhance the "rating" quality.
First, earnestly fulfill their responsibilities, innovation and governance model of the provincial government
Early in 1994 the introduction of the "State Council on China's education reform and development outline implementation opinions" explicitly pointed out: "higher education step by step implementation of the central and provincial, autonomous regional and municipal level management, with the provincial government system. Gradually expand the decision-making power and the overall power of the provincial government." But for a long time, the definition of "the provincial government education and manpower" is relatively vague. Recently, this situation has changed.
One is at the national level, the administrative examination and approval system reform has taken a new step. Premier Li Keqiang stressed that the central government reform is the reform of government in the preceding, local government reform is the next, change the functions of local government should focus on pay special attention to the ground, put the tube, requires local governments to pick up the central decentralization of approval, release local level the power, for prior approval to reduce and increasingly important things in, and afterwards supervision behavior [1].
Two is in the Ministry of education, the provincial government to carry out the functions of education and coordination, the clear requirements of the seven aspects, including the overall planning of regional education modernization process, coordinated development of education and economic and social development, coordination and development of various types of education at all levels, the system to raise funds for education, etc.. At the same time, in principle, the government is still in principle to facilitate the management of the provincial government to facilitate effective education matters, all provincial government, and the part has been delegated approval, to focus on. Perform well the seven aspects of the duties as a whole and take over responsibility and the power went down and manage the thing, the provincial government must strengthen the middle featuring, effective decentralization, reform the mode of governance.
(a) strengthening "featuring the middle"
In the development of higher education of Jiangsu provincial, Nanjing University Gong put professor put forward the concept of "middle featuring" and that "between the" top-level design 'and' grassroots innovation ', we must should have on the system, information communication, energy transfer and responsibility are exist, light' top 'and' grassroots innovation ', also difficult to drive the reform and promote development "[2]. Local higher education development, is inseparable from the provincial government as an active and mission to play. At present, you need to strengthen the four play.
One is to assume the task of investigating. To focus on the basic realization of the national education modernization goal in 2020, to determine the basic realization of the basic education modernization of the key difficulties, priority order, working mechanism and promoting ways. For example, the "Jiangsu education modernization index system" to the basic realization of the modernization of education and target value, from the education of popularization, fairness, quality, degree of openness, degree of protection, coordination, contribution degree and satisfaction, etc. 8 aspects to make a description. Two is the construction of the system. Important aspects of the provincial higher education reform and development, structure and scale, speed and benefit, education teaching and scientific research and social service, policies and regulations and management planning of overall planning, and strive to build a regional economic and social development and adapt to the regional higher education system. Three is the condition safeguard. To co-ordinate the central fiscal transfer payment and the level of financial education funds and improve the higher education cost sharing and fiscal appropriation mechanism and improve the standard of expenditure per student. Four is the reform of the pilot. For example, in 2010, Jiangsu province was determined by the State Council as the national higher education comprehensive reform pilot provinces, in 2011 the Ministry of education and Jiangsu Province signed a comprehensive reform pilot area of higher education, the Ministry of education and Jiangsu Province, province as a pilot area of national education modernization construction and the implementation of provincial construction.
(two) the effective decentralization
Some scholars think that the "main problems existed in the provincial government, education and manpower is decentralization, central to the provincial government decentralization, local government decentralization to the school. The provincial government decentralization, the key is to focus on two aspects: one is the decentralization of the way, grasp the" cluster "decentralization. The so-called "bundle" decentralization, is the determination of decentralization, decision-making in the provincial government, the parties should be integrated to the power, "packaged" decentralized, and not by the provincial government departments decentralized decentralization, to prevent the fragmentation of power. Power should be placed once fall into the hands of a specific department, decentralization is often evolve and become the interests of the game between departments, to carry out the "cheese" which on "mother-in-law" easier said than done! Remember earlier this year, the province to engage in the development of Higher Education Ordinance, to the right to the point, after the formation of the first draft, walking program to the relevant departments to solicit the views, at last and unexpectedly cut into a mere scrap of paper. The real decentralization is "gold content" power "than the flesh. The two is also difficult to" streamline administration content, focuses on reducing the project. To "break the bonsai garden, bigger". Like government departments to reduce the seal of approval as deleted items. Recently, Premier Li Keqiang research came to Tianjin Binhai New Area Administrative Examination and approval Bureau Service Hall, the staff said, past examination and approval, the approval of the Department of each department 109. Now through the reduction of approval, integration functions and other reforms, all necessary approval to focus together, just cover a chapter. Li Keqiang praised the road, the 109 Chapter 1 chapter, is the government's self revolution of the big move, to make unnecessary approval to become history. Li Keqiang picked up the waste seal lamented: I do not know how many people bound [4]. Tianjin's experience is worth learning. To reduce competition project review, packing project funds allocated to the University by the university according to their own development needs of the overall configuration.
(three) reform of governance model
Decentralization is not enough, but also reform the governance model, the tube in place. This is certainly a problem of management technology, but more fundamental, is the problem of management philosophy. The public sector and the use of digital technology, and the government's use of digital technology, and the public service of digital technology, two is the government of digital technology, and external public service partners, three is the so-called "network governance concept" called "network management." this is called "network governance concept:" Goldsmith, the so-called "network management concept:" Gong Pingjing, called "Network Governance:" the so-called "network management philosophy:" the so-called "network management philosophy:" Eggers, four, is the so-called "Network Governance:" the government has been working with the government to provide public services.. Struggle. Accordingly, we should focus on promoting reform from the following three aspects.
1 interactive dialogue, consultation department. Government departments to be completed by the "paddle" - "at the helm" - "service" of the second transition based, play hard to all sectors of society organization, act as the role of mediator of all parties, intermediary even the referees, guide and service to all parties participate in public policy formulation, establish shared vision and development goals. For example, the Education Department of Jiangsu Province and the provincial development and Reform Commission, the letter to the committee, the Department of finance, labor and social security hall Department of specialty settings, education reform and enrollment plan, education funding establish a consultation system. Provincial Department of education and the Suzhou municipal government to build Soochow University, Changshu Institute Of Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, and the Changzhou municipal government to build a university in Changzhou, Changzhou Institute of Technology, Wuxi city to accelerate the construction of Taihu school development.
2 "negative list", non - entry. The so-called negative list, is the government in the management process to the "non -" as a principle, only to prohibit or restrict access to the field. In other words, the government will change from "control" to "supervisor", no longer to university circle, the provisions of the "university can do, but first powers of the boundary mark, clear" can't do ", to leave the University School of space. This will lead to a large number of non traditional and emerging management roles in the field of education.
3 classification management, equal development. Classification management, not for the classification and classification, but to the higher education classification and construction of regional higher education system. In this regard, the United States, California, the overall plan for higher education has given us a lot of inspiration. A notable feature of the overall planning of higher education in California is to consider the development of a certain type of University as a whole, and this is also the reality of "education is a related product". By classification management to promote the equitable development of all kinds of colleges and universities, and promote orderly competition in the same, prevent rushing headlong into mass action and dispersed in a hubbub.
Two, academic standard, improve the local colleges and universities self governance capacity
Recently, the office of the national education system reform leading group, to implement and expand the autonomy of the seven aspects of the university. For example, to support the scientific selection of college students, deepen the reform of the examination and enrollment system; support the adjustment and optimization of the discipline of the University, to encourage the University's output characteristics; and so on. Strengthening the academic standard is the basis and prerequisite for the implementation of these seven aspects of the autonomy of running a school. University is the academic organization of the society, which is the basic attribute of the University. Only in the academic led, in order to fundamentally protect the independent school. Some scholars believe that since the reform and opening up, the development of higher education in China is "miracle and crisis", which means that our country has realized the popularization of higher education in a relatively short time, and the quality is improving constantly.
And at the same time, it has formed a more serious "administrative" tendency, the academic ecology is disturbed seriously, and the academic logic has been obscured. The fundamental way to solve the crisis lies in the establishment of the academic standard internal corporate governance structure and external self regulatory system and institutional environment.
(a) administrative decentralization
With the deepening of the reform of higher education in our country, the mechanism of the internal security of the academic organizations in Colleges and universities is further improved, and the academic management system and organizational structure has been formed. Among them, the need to emphasize is that the real transformation of the University's operating mechanism to promote the administration of academic decentralization. In this regard, a useful exploration of Jiangsu province's two "211" Universities -- Soochow University and Nanjing Normal University. Soochow University college is one of the first batch of 17 national pilot colleges, Soochow University and Suzhou Industrial Park,, Canada, three party cooperation to create a special zone, the internal management of the professor, Dean, vice president of the appointment system, no administrative level, and the establishment of the entity of the professor committee, academic committee, academic committee, academic power is effectively guaranteed. Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu higher education comprehensive reform pilot school. The school promote professors of a notable feature is at the college level, the professors is truly implemented. By setting a clear level of colleges and departments of the professor committee organization, Professor Committee determined main responsibilities and improve the rules of procedure of the Committee of professors and other measures, all-round implementation of professors. The faculty academic atmosphere completely.
(two) strengthening the construction of academic system inside and outside the University
From its internal perspective, the organizational structure of the university is the so-called "organized anarchy" and "loose binding system". It is necessary to make the integration and order of the University's internal departments. To this end, the need to create a free and relaxed academic atmosphere, to build a discipline (multi discipline) as the foundation, collaborative innovation oriented, academic as the standard of academic organization. From its external perspective, the university itself is part of the social macro academic system. Can not be a narrow understanding of "academic". "Academic" is not just academic affairs, but more fundamental is the academic system, that is, the University and its internal and external academic organization system. The organizational structure of the macro academic system is the so-called Decentralized System Autonomous (ADS). In this system, all the units (subsystems) are independent and equal. They can not exist between them. Its main characteristics: first, the controllability of the autonomy; the two is the coordination of the autonomy. The academic organizations that can best embody these two characteristics, which mainly have the University Alliance, the multi campus university system and the academic community.
1 Promoting Regional University Alliance pilot. Since 2011, 5 Xianlin University Town, Nanjing University, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing University of traditional Chinese medicine, Nanjing University of Posts and telecommunications and Nanjing University of Finance and economics university, the pilot "regional colleges and universities alliance" pilot. The key task of the pilot is to implement cross registration, implementation of credit. The Jiangsu educational modernization index system to determine "the mutual recognition of credits proportion" of the target values is 10%, significantly higher than 5% of the surrounding Shanghai, Zhejiang set index value. This task is quite arduous. Hope that through the establishment of regional colleges and universities of division of labor and cooperation, personnel training system, explore resource sharing, mutual recognition of credits and teachers Hupin, exchanging students, elected courses mechanism, inter school teaching resources and efficient use of, accept multiple disciplines wind lattice and campus culture edification for the students, meet the diverse learning needs to create good conditions.
2 to explore the establishment of the regional university system, which is different from the regional university system, which is different from the "Regional University Alliance", which is different from the "multi campus university", which is the hot debate in previous years. California university is one of the most influential public universities in the United States, its Berkeley, San Francisco, Santiago and Losangeles are the world's leading institutions of higher learning. Similar university systems, there are many in the United states. For example, in 1839 in Columbia City, University of Missouri, is the only university in the West Bank, has now developed into the University of Missouri system, including four campuses, respectively, is the Columbia School District, Luo branch, Kansas branch and Saint Louis branch (Jiangsu provincial education department in the United States the first education management training base built in Kansas branch). There are 63000 students in four campuses. From the perspective of maintaining the autonomy of running a school, the more complex the system is, the more powerful the anti - jamming ability of the system. The experience of the United States is a valuable experience for the higher education in Jiangsu Province, which is about to realize the popularization of higher education in province. This aspect of research, Nanjing University and the Nanjing Agricultural University, the relevant experts have been carried out, to be further deepened.
3 strengthening the construction of academic community. Academic community is a group of scholars who have a common value idea or interest. The implementation and expansion of the autonomy of running a school can not be separated from the positive of the academic community. For example, peer expert review system is a universal recognition of the international talent evaluation system, however, at present in our country to fully implement this system, it is difficult to. Mainly high levels of experts are still relatively scarce. To solve the contradiction between this kind of "expert" and "need to be evaluated", it needs the further development of scientific community [7].
(three) strengthening the construction of academic institutions in Colleges and Universities
To establish and perfect the academic system of the University, is easy to learn the necessary security autonomy. For example, professional setting autonomy to universities, colleges and universities can independently set up ordinary higher school undergraduate professional directory and higher vocational colleges education guiding professional directory all professional (state control stationing professional except). " Accordingly, it is also produced how to effectively manage the professional, the establishment of professional and dynamic adjustment mechanism. From the practical view of Jiangsu local colleges and universities, it is urgent to establish and improve the academic evaluation system, based on the self rating system of the internal quality assurance system and the self discipline mechanism based on information disclosure.
1 improve the academic evaluation system based on position. To play down the title evaluation, pay attention to the post employment, establish the practical talents and scientific research evaluation system of University post. According to the local colleges and universities, according to the nature of jobs and growth law of talents, the design has a prospective evaluation system, both to ensure that reasonable weight of scholarship of teaching, and encourage people develop their potentials. For example, to engage in basic research, in the laboratory will be able to make the results to the talent, can be published in the paper, for the application of technology research, especially technology promotion personnel, according to the needs of the industry, service production line, and even into the field to engage in research, we should not be too heavy, should be the patent, social benefits, the scale of application of results to evaluate. For research universities, with the improvement of scientific research level, the demand for talent from quantity to quality change, can not be simply based on SCI paper, but should be more refined, higher level of evaluation requirements, so as to guide the talent to go up. With reference to international experience, a scholar in has just started, 5-10 years, 10-15 years in three stages, or is growth from the generalship Shuai at different stages of development, the evaluation standard and focus is different, should focus on personal academic ability, influence and leadership.
2 improve internal quality assurance system in Colleges and Universities Based on self rating. The assessment of undergraduate teaching in the Ministry of education has been changed from the assessment of the level of assessment and the assessment of the newly established undergraduate colleges. Assessment of the bottom line, and the assessment of the assessment, it is the school's own assessment of the objectives of the school. Audit assessment represents a kind of orientation of government management, which is a relative concept, which is not the same set of index system to evaluate university, it is not a quantitative way to assess the University, but to see whether the university to follow their own school orientation, whether to achieve the goal of running a school. According to the state to develop and publish various school construction standards, discipline professional standards, teacher professional standards, standards, school running and management standards, education quality standards, etc., combined with the actual situation of various local colleges and universities, research and formulate specific standards.
3 to improve the self - discipline mechanism based on information disclosure "list", which is an important way to promote the independent education in Colleges and universities. 2010 "higher education information disclosure approach", the University's information disclosure work fully launched. However, in recent years, the University released the "teaching quality of the annual report" and "the annual report of the quality of employment" of the actual situation analysis, information disclosure is far from the policy objectives of the requirements. Public opinion even accused the lack of quality reporting quality of employment report is not good faith (twenty-first Century Education Research Institute: content integrity and credibility of an average score of 55.4 points [8]). To further promote the work of the university information disclosure, improve the transparency of education, recently, the Ministry of Education announced the list of information disclosure of colleges and universities, colleges and universities must be open to the public information 10 major categories of 50 specific projects, involving enrollment examination, finance, assets and charges, personnel, academic misconduct and other sensitive information, and the way to do a clear. The implementation of the above information disclosure task will not only help to improve the university information disclosure system and standardization level, but also help to promote the university to accelerate the establishment of independent school discipline mechanism.
Three, foster regional intermediary organizations, improve the level of social supervision and evaluation
Educational intermediary organization is one of the important carriers of education market, which plays a key role in coordinating the contradiction between the University and the government, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the University, enhancing the adaptability, diversity and service ability of the higher education system. In the construction of education management system, especially to improve the level of social evaluation and supervision, the intermediary organizations can play a role in the government and colleges and universities is difficult to replace. However, due to the late start of China's higher education intermediary organization, and the development of the higher education market is not enough and so on, all kinds of higher education intermediary organizations often exist such or such problems.
One of the more prominent problems: first, the administrative attachment is strong, independent and public trust is not enough; the two is the professional quality is not high, the service ability is limited, the authority is not enough, the social recognition degree is low; three is the industry self-regulation system is not perfect, the lack of effective supervision and self-discipline mechanism. At present, the construction of the provincial higher education governance system, the construction of higher education intermediary organizations put forward new requirements, the urgent need to re organize, re specialization and re service, to achieve organizational restructuring, ability to enhance and industry self-regulation, to accelerate the cultivation and formation of a number of new high - Education agency.
(a) to promote the regional higher education intermediary organization"
Here the so-called "re organization", mainly refers to the organization of reconstruction, that is, the organization structure and operation mechanism of the system reform. To meet the needs of the development of higher education in the province, through new or restructuring, to accelerate the development of a number of independent activities of the new type of higher education intermediary organizations. At present, it is urgent to establish and cultivate the following two kinds of intermediary organizations.
1 strengthening regional certification organization construction. Regional accreditation organization is very popular in Europe and the United States and other countries. Its purpose is to ensure the quality of education, access to government funds and social donations, colleges and universities and colleges between credit recognition and improve employers trust of new employee background and experience degree etc.. Mainly include the institutions of the certification organization, professional certification organization and other types of. For example, the United States the 200 major regions of a total of more than six higher education certification body, responsible for all kinds of applications for certification of institutions for certification. Otherwise a large number of professional certification body for certification review of the various types of colleges and universities, tens of thousands of professional and judged the professional training of students are engaged with the professional knowledge and ability, ensure practitioners possess a pre qualification. In order to ensure the quality and credibility of the certification body, and with the help of the higher education certification board and other agencies, certification bodies for certification. In order to adapt to the new situation of the reform and development of engineering education since China joined the "Washington Agreement" in June 2013, it is urgent to strengthen the engineering education certification work with international standards. One of the top priority is to speed up the cultivation or restructuring of a number of familiar international engineering education standards, with strong coordination ability, able to provide fair, professional and standardized services certification body. For example, in the provincial government's overall arrangement, the original science and Technology Association, the industry association and Engineering Technology Association (Institute) to optimize the integration, the establishment of professional certification bodies, both to meet the needs of the situation, and to maintain the sustainability of the original institution.
2 to promote the formation of a number of professional education intermediary organizations to play a role in the role of the main role of the enterprise. "The decision of the State Council on accelerating the development of modern vocational education" was first proposed, enterprises should play an important role in school management. It is one of the important ways to play an important role in the running of the enterprise to participate in the management of vocational education with the aid of intermediary organizations. To this end, the "decision" not only to strengthen the industry capacity building, classification and development of industry guidance policy. Through authorization and purchase services, the industry organization should be defined as the four basic functions, namely "publishing industry talent demand, promoting school enterprise cooperation, participating in guiding education and conducting quality evaluation". It is necessary to continue to play a prominent advantage in the development of industry associations, and strengthen organizational innovation, relying on Industry Association, integration of other social forces, and form a number of new intermediary organizations with more comprehensive service capabilities. Such as the industry's human resource demand forecast and employment status, and the government to carry out the cooperation of the government to carry out the legislative consultation; in the national vocational qualification framework to develop the industry professional ability standard, and organize to carry out vocational qualification certification work; the industry and education experts to carry out professional skills curriculum resource development; to carry out the work of vocational education quality assessment, organization development skills competition and other [9].
(two) promoting the regional higher education agency "re specialization"
Re specialization is mainly used to improve the intermediary service level, foster professional service brand. To motivate and support the existing types of high education professional organizations with business features, clear functional positioning, strengthen strategic planning, improve the quality of personnel, to accelerate the formation of intermediary services brand characteristics, to guide the overall level of regional intermediary services. At present, the need to accelerate the upgrading of the following three types of intermediary service specialization level.
1 to improve the level of monitoring and assessment of education modernization. To promote regional education modernization and comprehensive reform of the provincial higher education, integration of statistics, investigation, research and monitoring and evaluation of the relevant institutions of resources, to carry out professional monitoring and evaluation to provide support. Jiangsu's first round of education satisfaction survey was commissioned by the Provincial Rural Investigation Corps is responsible for, has accumulated some experience, the following will be further improved. Such as taking the form of government purchase service, the third party in the new starting point for the full implementation of the "education modernization process monitoring evaluation" and "education satisfaction evaluation" and other monitoring and evaluation work.
2 to enhance the professional services of various types of professional associations, industry associations. Actively support all kinds of professional society construction, play professional society, industry associations, foundations and other types of social organizations in the role of public governance in education, accelerate the process of academic specialization. For example, the research on the management of higher education in Jiangsu has carried out fruitful work in many aspects, including: conducting educational research, conducting various forms of academic exchange activities, organizing and writing research papers, learning, research and popularization of scientific knowledge, organizing and editing and publishing related materials and books. At present, in order to meet the needs of the development of teachers' professional development, this research will take more responsibility in promoting teacher professional development.
3 to improve the level of decision-making advisory services. From the perspective of Jiangsu Province, the role of many higher education intermediary organizations focused on the "assessment" and "information providers", while the lack of policy recommendations, advisory services, education research, and other aspects of the supervision and development of higher education. At present, it is urgent to learn from the successful experience of "development in the 21st Century Research Institute and other organizations, relying on the" Jiangsu forum, "" education in Jiangsu Province construction research base and the existing platform, gathering domestic and foreign high-end intellectual resources and set up a number of able to provide intermediary organizations think tank for the macro, strategic and forward-looking policy research and decision-making support for the development of regional education, promoting teaching decision and consultation service.
(three) the promotion of regional higher education agency "re service"
"Re service" means that the government should create the necessary system environment for the development of regional higher education intermediary organizations, provide necessary policy support and macro supervision. First, strengthen policy support. On the one hand, the government should further increase the "tube, do, evaluation of" separation of efforts and improve the degree of socialization of intermediary business in high schools, in addition to the entrusted project put forward specific requirements to specific process to minimize interference, timely policy supporting and revision of the work, perfect the laws and regulations of government documents, and make the assessment laws, guarantee the independence of the agency. On the other hand, the government should take the initiative and consciously guide public universities to carry out social assessment and management services, and actively promote the healthy development of social organizations. If part of the project through the tender, the invitation to the subject of the form gradually transferred to the professional body operation. Government to "buy public services" and other policies, to take the planning and development projects to implement the plan, to establish the evaluation index system and other ways to guide and support the government and social needs of the non profit organization. Taking into account the non profit organization has the strong public benefit and the altruism, the government should support its development through tax and subsidies and other preferential measures. Second, strengthen macro supervision. In order to improve the quality of service and public trust, the relevant regulations and policies of the relevant regulations of the State shall be formulated according to the relevant regulations of the state.
Reference
[1] Zhang Jinlong. Then put the tube, control and adjust the local government reform article [EB/OL]. (2013-11-01)
[2] Gong put. "Middle breakthrough": a new thinking of the construction of modern university system [J]. exploration and contention, 2013 (06).
[3] Wang Quanbao. China reform into the "surgeon" stage experts said the key is administrative decentralization [EB/OL]. (2010-12-30)