Mine water is associated with coal mining of underground water gushing. China's coal to underground mining, accounting for about 97% of the output of coal, due to the content of coal bearing strata in general in the underground aquifer under, in the coal mining process, in order to ensure the safety production in coal mine must discharge a large amount of mine water inrush, namely mine wells [1-2]. Due to the influence of underground mining and human activities, mine water easily contaminated, containing a large number of slag, rock dust and other impurities, high concentration suspended matters, and contains small amounts of organic matter and microorganisms, if not directly discharged without treatment, not only pollute the mine water and destroy the ecological environment in mining areas.
The development of coal base in West China is facing the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. According to of geography, Chinese Academy of sciences research resources released the eater of water coal: coal base development and water resources research ", mentioned in the" coal industry policy "13 coal bases (Shendong, northern Shanxi, Jinzhong, Shanxi East, in the north of Shaanxi Province, Huanglong (Huating), Luxi, Lianghuai, Henan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia East (northeast), Ningdong other 13 large coal bases), 7 with severe contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. Specifically, by 2015, Shaanxi (yellow Gansu, Northern Shaanxi), Inner Mongolia Mongolia East, Shendong), Shanxi (the whole industry chain of the northern Shanxi, Jinzhong, Shanxi East) planning coal base water demand will be more than the current situation of industry of total water consumption, Ningxia Ning East) will be close to total water consumption, coal industry is bound to add water supply, misuse of non industrial water to to meet their needs.
The utilization of mine water is in solving the problem of coal producing areas of serious water shortage and mine water pollution environment the two problems of the coal industry based on the proposed. According to the research, most of the mine water in coal rock powder of suspended matter more, and suspended solids mainly inorganic matter, not from living sewage is mainly organic matter, so it is relatively easy. For the high salinity and acidity of the mine water can be treated with the corresponding water treatment technology to be suitable for the production of water for life. In addition, mine water is relatively stable in the process of mining, water resources, water resources have to ensure that the [6-7]., the mine water treatment, so that it can not only reduce the resources of the ecological environment, but also effectively alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in the mining area, to meet the needs of production and living and ecological water.
In order to promote the utilization of water resources and save water resources, the national development and Reform Commission in 2007 issued a special plan for mine water utilization, and put forward the policy of regional layout and key construction of the mine water conservancy. In 2013, the national development and Reform Commission, the National Energy Bureau and the National Energy Bureau jointly issued the "mine water use development plan" ([2013]118), proposed in 2015, gradually establish a more perfect system of mine water conservancy, macro management and technical support system, realize the industrial coal mine water use, the national coal mine water discharge amount to 7100000000 m3, the use of 5400000000 m3, utilization rate increased to 75% of the target. However, at present, the research of mine water mainly concentrated in the mine water treatment technology research aspect [8-11], but for mine water management aspect research less [12-13]. this article to our country mine water attribute cognition process and present mine water management present situation carries on the thorough analysis, and puts forward the mine water development countermeasure, for the future better strengthen the mine water management, enhances the mine water resources utilization efficiency to provide certain reference.
1 understanding of mine water attribute
People have experienced a process of mine water, mine water is considered to be a by-product of coal mine safety production must discharge, does not belong to industrial waste water [14]. according to the definition of mine water, the purpose is to reduce the amount of coal mining roadway, to prevent underground water inrush, to ensure that the mining industry is often carried out. The former State Family Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Finance and accounting document [1994]1005 on the coal mine water and the use of DC power plant cooling water sewage charges related to the notice clearly stated: "coal mining process from coal mine drainage of the mine water does not belong to the scope of sewage sewage charges". However, due to coal mine drainage volume larger, according to statistics, the national coal mine average tons of coal mine drainage around the T 2 [14], mine water containing suspended solids, inorganic compounds and other pollutants to surface water bodies and ecological environment caused serious pollution.
Therefore, in 2003 promulgated the "sewage charges levied on the use of management regulations" and "sewage charges levied standard management approach" clearly to the coal mine water collection and sewage charges. This makes it clear that the mine water belongs to the attribute of the pollutant, which makes people realize the harm of the water pollution.
On the other hand, the essence of the mine water is the groundwater resources, which belong to the special groundwater resources. According to the 1993 "water permit system implementation method," (canceled) provides, "for the security of mine and other underground engineering construction and production safety must water the exemption from application water license".
In September 1994 the Ministry of water resources to the [1994 (41)] document No. "to" consult "on the regular production of the mine drainage drainage of groundwater are for water permit the reply" (for approval of Anhui Provincial Water Resources Department of Anhui source letter word [1994] No. 164th) in the third batch of the Ministry of water resources "complex file mine drainage the water discharged after purification for the mine production and the staff of life, the essence is the use of water resources, is not a" fourth way "second 'for the protection of mine and other underground engineering construction safety and production safety of the water must apply for water permit' exempted from the scope of" implementation of water permit system. Documents issued, the local water conservancy department of Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu Province comprehensive utilization of mine water in coal mine for "water license", and has the comprehensive utilization of mine water on or Will levy water resources fee. This of mine water comprehensive utilization of water resource fee collection and direct emissions will not levy water resources fee practices once caused a discussion [15].2006 "water permits and water resource fee collection and management regulations" promulgated, and the water permit system implementation method, "compared to," water permits and water resource fee collection and management regulations "further provides that" for the security of mine and other underground engineering construction and production safety must be for temporary emergency extraction (row) shall be exempted from the water for the water permit ", but the mine water whether need to apply for water permits and pay water resource fees is not clearly defined.
Subsequently around the basis of the Ordinance to develop a water permit and water resource fee collection management approach, but the need to handle the mine water permit, whether the payment of water resources fees are not a. Such as "Sichuan Province, water resources and water resources fee collection management approach" provides that: "the mine drainage (drainage) water for production and non temporary emergency discharge (drainage) water, should apply for water permits. Water resources and mining rights, the use of mineral resources compensation fee is not repeated." The Anhui Province water permits and water resource fee collection and management implementation method, "(provincial government Decree No. 212), provisions" in addition to "water permits and water resource fee collection and management regulations," Article IV provides, take the water resources of the units and individuals shall apply for and obtain water permits, and pay the water resource fee. At the same time provides for the protection of underground engineering construction safety and safety of production and production safety and regular drainage, there are measurement facilities, water resources according to the actual amount of drainage; non measurement facilities, water resource fee according to the actual amount of mining." And "Shandong Province water license management approach" Regulations "for the security of mine and other underground engineering construction and production safety must be water shall be exempted from application water permit" the coal mine water pumping row do not need to apply for water permits.
To further strengthen the water resources fee collection standard management, and regulate the collection of standards for the development of behavior, in 2013 the national development and Reform Commission on the issue of water resources fee collection standards (issue price [2013]29 number) proposed: "to encourage the recycling of water resources. Mining drainage (drainage) shall be levied according to the law of water resources. Mining drainage (drainage) by the enterprise recycling, the water resource fee collection standard can be collected from the low." The notice made clear the water resources of the mine water resources, for the further guidance of the water administration department of the mine water management work of guiding significance.
2 management status
Because of mine water has both the attributes of pollutants, but also a special groundwater resources, according to the "Chinese people's Republic of China Environmental Protection Law," the people's Republic of China Water Law "and other relevant laws and regulations, the administrative department is mainly environmental protection administrative departments and water administrative department in charge of.
The water administrative department is mainly responsible for the management of the resources, and the environmental protection department is mainly responsible for the management of the pollutant properties. The main management system in the management process is as follows:
2.1 environmental protection administrative department management system
Environmental impact assessment system and the "three simultaneous" system [16]: environmental impact assessment system is to analyze, forecast and evaluate the environmental impact caused by the planning and construction projects, and put forward countermeasures and measures to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental impacts. "Three simultaneous" system is the construction project to prevent and control pollution facilities, must be with the main project at the same time, while construction, and put into use. The principle of East and [2004]891 energy management requirements of coal according to the system, the new, change, expansion projects should carry out environmental impact assessment, in line with the "three simultaneous" system, the relevant EIA technical guidelines, department regulations and industry regulations, such as the national development and Reform Commission on standardization of coal mine general planning approval notice "(development and reform, the coal industry policy construction Shendong, northern Shanxi, Jinzhong, Shanxi, Northern Shaanxi, Huang Long (Huating), Luxi, Lianghuai, Hebei, Henan, Yunnan, Mongolia East (northeast), Ningdong 13 large-scale coal bases, in accordance with the reduction, reuse, resource, comprehensive utilization of mine water. "Mine ecological environmental protection and pollution control technology policy" (UNCED No. [2005]109) in 2010, and strive to achieve more than 65% repeated utilization rate of large and medium-sized coal mine water; rate increased by 5% in 2010 based on the reuse of mine water in large and medium-sized coal mines in 2015; "on strengthening coal mine area planning and coal mine construction project environmental impact assessment work notice" (Central Office No. [2006]129) in water shortage areas, strictly limit the use of surface water and groundwater, prevent mine drainage caused by groundwater level decline, surface water, dry ground vegetation destroyed or severely degraded; mine water reuse rate should reach 70%, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Mongolia, Ningxia and other serious drought water shortage area should reach more than 90%, in coal mine environmental impact assessment for coal mine water are divided in accordance with the relevant requirements Analysis evaluation, for the environmental protection department reference. These 2 systems are environmental protection from the source control the mine water environment pollution, and promote the use of mine water.
Sewage disposal permit system and sewage charges system [17]: the system is mainly refers to the environmental emissions of pollutants (such as industrial wastewater, medical sewage, etc.) units or individuals, to the environmental protection department to apply for a permit procedures, the environmental protection department approved by the environmental emissions of pollutants discharged. At present, the national level of the "sewage permit management regulations" only in 2008 promulgated the "opinions", no formal promulgation. But specific to each region, the local government has its own management approach. Sewage charging system is the unit and individual industrial and commercial households that directly discharge pollutants into the environment shall be paid according to the relevant regulations. The coal mining enterprises to the water discharge of mine water, in accordance with the types of pollutant discharge, amount of taxable sewage charges; more than as prescribed by the state or local standards for the discharge of water pollutants, in accordance with the discharge of pollutants to the species, quantity and the provisions of charges levied fees plus double levy a fee for excessive discharge. Sewage treatment facilities for the centralized sewage treatment facilities, sewage treatment fees charged by the provisions of the sewage charges, no longer levy sewage sewage charges.
According to the system, the coal mine drainage need to handle the sewage permit, and according to the relevant regulations, to pay the sewage charges. Total control system: it is a relatively new environmental management system based on the concentration control, which includes the total amount of target total control and capacity, and the total amount of pollutants can be more real and intuitive to prevent the pollution of the environment. The water quality of the mine is different from the variety, type and way of mine exploitation, and the regional and geological structure of the mine.
In addition, the environmental protection administrative department in charge of the management system also includes a deadline governance system, centralized control system, environmental protection objectives and other system.
2.2 water administrative department management system
Water resources demonstration system: mainly refers to the water from the rivers, lakes or underground water and need to apply for water permits to build, rebuild, expansion of construction projects, the construction project owner units should be in accordance with the relevant provisions of the construction project water resources demonstration, preparation of construction project water resources demonstration report system. According to the system, new construction, renovation, expansion of construction projects in coal mining industry in to apply for water permit application shall compile water resources argumentation report, including the mine location, area, coal storage capacity, the production life, exploited horizon, mining and processing take water, mine drainage, the contents of the water resources and water environment and its prevention and control measures for analysis, so as to achieve to promote the optimal allocation of water resources and sustainable use, requirement to ensure the construction project of the rational use of water.
Water permit system: refers to the direct from the ground or rivers, lakes, water units, must be approved by the authorities to apply for approval, the approval of the examination and approval, access to water permits or other forms of approval documents before the system can be. Also according to the "water permits and water resource fee collection and management regulations", daily coal mine drainage drainage is not exempt from the application scope of water permit within, should apply for water permits.
Water resources paid use system: water units or individuals should pay water fees. Water units or individuals shall be in accordance with the approved annual water plan for water. Super plan or super water quota, the super plan or super fixed part of a progressive water resource fees. Where the water resource fee shall be paid by any application for a permit for water intake. Because of the need to apply for a permit to apply for a permit to get water from the mine drainage, the need to pay the water discharge is not the same as the water resource fee. 2013 development and Reform Commission on water resources fee collection standards for the relevant issues of the notice (issued by the price [2013]29 number) clearly defined: "to encourage the recycling of water resources. Mining drainage (drainage) shall be levied according to the law of water resources. Mining drainage (drainage) by the enterprise recycling, the water resource fee collection standard can be collected from the low."
3 existing problems
(1) the lack of perfect laws and regulations system of mine water utilization
Our country although there are "environmental protection law", "water law", "water pollution prevention law", the water permits and water resource fee collection and management regulations ", the sewage charges levied use management regulations," and other laws and regulations related to mine water management content, but from the whole, the management of mine water is still very messy, in the specific implementation of the system throughout the implementation effect is not a, such as water permits and water resource fee collection standards, mine water pollution charge factor so on. As a result, are not effective against mine water management.
(2) the effective guidance of the lack of the policy level of the comprehensive utilization of mine water
At present, the use of macro mine water resources has not been included in the water resources development and utilization planning and development, enterprise is in the operation of the market push down the mine water resources, and subject to the following restriction of many factors: water resources belong to the management of the water conservancy department, mine water resources fee provisions, if the provisions of the mine water, will have to pay the water resource fee, but if the direct emissions, but do not have to pay the cost of; provisions of the use of mine water resources fee directly discharged water resources fee, etc. The mine water as the waste water belongs to the environmental protection department management, must receive the sewage charge, if carries on the resources utilization, but also receives the water treatment fee. The management policies and measures to enable enterprises to use of mine water in a dilemma, affect the enthusiasm of enterprises and utilization of mine water. In addition, the state of the coal mine water use on the micro support is not enough, there is no effective incentive measures in the tax incentives and financial subsidies, such as water resource fee waiver, tax incentives and other related policies, resulting in the positive impact of the enterprise.
(3) the lack of coordination and support of the departments concerned in the use of the mine water for water supply
Mine water conservancy projects with large investment, involving a wide range of business, the need for water supply, the network construction investment is huge, the departments involved, so it is difficult to coordinate the coordination of enterprises. First of all, the supply of water resources management department management, mine water use is not incorporated into the local water supply plan, does not allow the mining area of external water supply, the enterprise itself is also subject to certain restrictions.
Secondly, some local water conservancy and water departments and units, especially area surface water more convenient, support of mine water supply and with the poor, in the grid, the network and the water fee settlement resentment larger, especially for some surrounding coal mining enterprises and residents, enterprises interested in water, but water is difficult to collect, led to the current most Dashui mine mine water can not get effective use, emissions in vain.
(4) the implementation of environmental policies is not enough
Some scholars have made a quantitative evaluation of the main environmental policies in China, the overall implementation of China's environmental policy is general, the score is 2.9 (total score 5), which is the poor implementation of environmental protection responsibility system, sewage declaration registration system, sewage disposal permit system [19]. main reasons for this problem, the emphasis on economic development. Due to the high cost of pollution control and the lack of appropriate incentives, there is a lack of local pollution prevention and control regulations and the lack of supervision. At the same time, in the face of the established pollution control regulations and environmental standards, different enterprises to adopt different measures, such as compliance, recessive resistance or technological innovation, etc.. Generally speaking, the implementation of environmental policies in poor areas and the extent to improve the degree of environmental improvement in the economic developed regions [20].
(5) the importance of the utilization of the mine water resources is not in place
The mine water is inevitable in the process of mineral exploitation. It is the influence of the traditional planned economy. The reasonable development and utilization of the mining industry is still not changed. Therefore, the mine water is not regarded as important water resources, thus being the important link to develop the circular economy, protect the ecological environment and implement the sustainable development strategy.
4 countermeasures and suggestions
(1) improve the rules and regulations, strengthen scientific management
To the water law of the people's Republic of China, "water pollution prevention law", "Cleaner Production Promotion Law", "Circular Economy Promotion Law", "coal law" and other relevant laws and regulations as well as < on the water resource fee collection standards issues related to notice (change price [2013] the 29th) > and so on as the foundation, study and formulate to promote the use of mine water industrial policy, fiscal policy and other relevant supporting policies and mine water project supervision and assessment procedures and other rules and regulations and related technical standards, clear responsibilities and obligations of enterprises, mine water conservancy work into the legal system orbit. At the same time, strengthen law enforcement and inspection, and promote the development of the mine water conservancy work orderly and orderly.
(2) focus on the development of water resources shortage in heavy water mining and mine water utilization
According to statistics, China's 13 coal bases (Shendong, northern Shanxi, Jinzhong, Shanxi East, in the north of Shaanxi Province, Huanglong (Huating), Luxi, Lianghuai, Hebei, Henan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Inner Mongolia East (northeast), Ningdong other 13 large coal bases), 7 with severe contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. Therefore, we should focus on the development of the main mine water use, especially the national planning and construction of large-scale mining production base, especially in the region, water resources, water resources are the most scarce, while coal resources and coal base is the most concentrated. At the same time increase the Tai Chung water mining area of the mine water utilization, such as Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Guizhou, northeast and part of the Yellow River Basin surrounding the mining area, the general mine inflow is relatively large, especially Jiaozuo, Feicheng, Fengfeng, Kailuan, Xuzhou, Hebi, e er multi Si, Datong, in the northeast part of the mine, the coal enterprise's consumption of water is not, but poured a huge amount of water, and are generally located in the surrounding small towns, to the nearest local water conditions.
(3) broaden the financing channels, increase capital investment
Mine water resource utilization and construction funds for enterprises as the main body, into the planning of key projects, the country to give priority support, and actively take the market operation mode, open up financing channels, encourage social investment in the mine water conservancy projects, promote the development of the industrial use of water conservancy.
(4) to mobilize all forces to do a good job in collaboration
Give full play to the role of industry associations and other intermediary organizations, the establishment of mine water use technology exchange service platform, strengthen technical guidance, information services and experience exchange, timely summary and promote the use of advanced technology and experience, to provide mine water use technology support, promote the development of mine water utilization industry and technological upgrading. The local authorities support mine water supply, decreases the surface and underground water, which coordinate with external water supply network, network and supporting pipe network investment and financing is the most important.
(5) improve the relevant standard system of mine water conservancy
Study the establishment of standard system and supervision and management system of mine water conservancy, research and formulate technical standards and management standards for the use of water conservancy projects, standardize the design specification and production process, establish the quality inspection system of mine water resources, and strengthen the supervision and management of production process and product quality.
Reference
[1] Yuan Hang, stone hui. Research progress and Prospect of the utilization of Mine Water Resources Journal of [J]. water resources and water engineering, 2008,19 (5): 50-57.
Hang Shi, Hui. Research progress and Prospect of coal minewater resource utilization[J]. Journal of Water Resources Yuan & WaterEngineering, 2008,19 (5): 50-57.
[2] Liu Yifan. Cause analysis and prevention of mine flood and its prevention and treatment of [J]. science and technology information development and economy, 2011,21 (4): 180-181.
Yifan. Analysis on the causes and prevention of mine flood[J].Sci-Tech Information Development Liu & Economy, 2011,21 (4): 180 -181.
[3] Hu Youbiao. On the harmful environmental effects of drainage in mining area and the comprehensive utilization of mine water [J]. China mining, 1997,6 (4): 71-74.
Youbiao. Environmental effects caused by mine drainage andcomprehensive utilization of mine water[J]. China Mining Maga-zine Hu, 1997,6 (4): 71-74.
[4] Wang Handong. Mine water treatment and utilization of [J]. energy and energy saving, 2011 (3): 74-75.
Handong. Treatment and utilization of mine water[J]. Energyand Energy Conservation Wang, 2011 (3): 74-75.
[5] Pang Zhendong. [D]. Huainan: Anhui University Of Science And Technology, 2005
[6] Tan jie. Coal mine industry application prospect of [J]. coal processing and comprehensive utilization, 2012 (5): 51-53.
Jie. Study of application of coal mine[J]. Coal Processing &Comprehensive Utilization Tan, 2012 (5): 51-53.
[7] Li Fuqin, He Xuwen. New technology of mine water treatment and development trend of [J]. coal science and technology, 2010,38 (11): 17-22.
Xuwen Li, Fuqin. New technology and development tendency ofmine water treatment[J]. Coal Science and Technoloty He, 2010,38 (11): 17-22.
[8] week. Study on the Countermeasures of ecological environment in coal area [J]. coal technology, 2011,30 (7): 1-2.
Lang. Research on ecological environmental protection in coalexploiting area[J]. Coal Technology Zhou, 2011,30 (7): 1-2.