关键词 高校 个性化 职业指导 职业生涯。
Keywords college personalized occupation occupation career guidance.
根据教育部公布的数据，2009 年全国高校毕业生总数为 611 万人，2010 年为 630 万人，2011 年为 660 万人，2012年则达到了 680 万人。
According to the data released by the Ministry of education, the total number of college graduates in China in 2009 is 6110000, 2010 for 6300000 people, 6600000 people in 2011, in 2012 it reached 6800000.
①随着高校的招生规模迅速扩大，大学毕业生人数呈逐年上涨趋势，但社会就业岗位的增加数却并不乐观，从而导致大学生的就业压力不断增大。为了缓解大学生的就业压力，帮助大学生找到适合个人发展的职业，众多高校展开了职业指导。然而，目前大多数高校的“职业指导”都沦为“就业指导”，注重面向毕业生，强调就业率，忽视了学生的专业特点、年级特点、性格特点等，从而导致学生的职业意识薄弱，职业理想模糊，职业能力不足，就业质量普遍不高。为了提升高校的职业指导水平，笔者提倡推进高校个性化职业指导，强调以充分满足大学生共性的、个体的职业需求为导向，展开全程性、发展性的职业指导，从而为大学生成功就业提供全面保障。
Along with the rapid expansion of the scale of enrollment, the number of university graduates were rising year after year, but the increase in the number of employment is not optimistic, resulting in the increasing employment pressure of College students. In order to alleviate the employment pressure of college students, help students to find suitable for personal development occupation, many colleges and universities carried out occupation guidance. However, most colleges and universities "occupation guidance" into "employment guidance", to focus on graduate employment rate, stressed, ignored the professional characteristics, student's grade characteristics, personality characteristics, resulting in students' occupation consciousness is weak, the occupation ideal fuzzy, vocational ability is insufficient, the employment quality is generally not high. In order to improve the level of university occupation guidance, the author advocates Promoting University personalized occupation guidance, to fully meet the needs of college students occupation emphasizes the common, individual oriented, occupation guidance expansion of full, development, to provide comprehensive protection for the successful employment of University students.
一、开设专业化职业指导课程。
A specialized occupation, offering guidance course.
Personalized attention and occupation guidance training students awareness of self consciousness of occupation and occupation development, so the university should provide occupation guidance courses for students, in order to promote the students to obtain the profound comprehension in occupation guide teaching, learn to self occupation planning, and enhance the enthusiasm and initiative of the professional learning in virtually. However, many colleges and universities occupation guidance curriculum more in the form of elective course offered, can not cause the attention of the students. At the same time, most of them take class teaching mode, students of different majors in different branches of teaching the same content, lack of practicability and pertinence, to stimulate students interest in learning, teaching effect. In order to promote the university occupation guidance should be individualized, occupation guidance courses professional, in order to meet the needs of students professional occupation guidance.
高校教育是与学科专业知识紧密结合的教育，专业是个人职业选择与发展的基础，离开了专业特色的职业指导势必是低效甚至是无效的。因此，个性化的职业指导课程应彰显专业性，强调职业特色与就业需要，注重结合专业特点，将职业指导与个人的职业规划与职业前景相联系，以提升职业指导的针对性、实用性，增强学生的就业信心与就业能力。比如对于专业特色较为鲜明的医学类专业，在进行职业指导的过程中，可以结合一些临床类的具体生动的例子来讲解，还可以邀请临床医生对于专业要求做一些专题讲座，这样学生听课的积极性会大大提高，接受的效果也更好。
The university education is closely combined with the professional knowledge of discipline education, professional is the basis of choice of personal occupation and development, occupation guidance left the professional characteristics will be inefficient or invalid. Therefore, occupation guidance curriculum personalization should highlight the professional, emphasizing the need for occupation characteristics and employment, pay attention to the combination of professional features, the occupation planning and occupation prospect of occupation guidance and personal contact, in order to improve the occupation guidance, practical, strengthen the student's Employment Confidence and employment ability. For example, for a professional distinctive medical specialties, in the process of occupation guidance, can explain the combination of some clinical class vivid examples, also can invite clinicians for professional requirements to do some special lectures, so that the enthusiasm of the students attending will be greatly improved, the effect is better also accept.
Object covered many university occupation instruction courses are mainly graduates, occupation guidance course into emergency employment guidance course. In fact, occupation guidance course should be a long-term, system of curriculum, should pay attention to the level, the specific step by step to complete the occupation guidance grade characteristic stages of teaching objectives. As Freshman due to less social experience, life experience is simple, self cognition, occupation cognition is fuzzy, so the level of curriculum should focus on methods for occupation characteristics, professional occupation career planning theory, occupation cognition and the content means, to guide the students to establish vocational consciousness, practical ability training self management, self planning and self improvement. Two, Junior spare time is abundant, but the lack of exercise, often feel that have nothing to do, so the level of the emphasis of the course should strengthen to student's entrepreneurial guidance, pay attention to the classroom education and entrepreneurial practice teaching combining form, strengthen the interpersonal relationship education, frustration education, entrepreneurship education, to cultivate students' entrepreneurial spirit, to improve the ability of entrepreneurship. Senior facing the pressure of employment, some anxiety for future occupation, so the level of emphasis is placed on employment guidance, including the analysis of the employment situation, job preparation, job strength, career employment psychological adjustment, in order to help the students to adapt to the society.
二、指导发展性职业生涯规划。
Two, to guide the development of occupation career planning.
开设个性化职业指导课程的目的，在于帮助大学生掌握较完善的职业理论与能力，为走上社会奠定充分的思想基础。但是，由于高校实行学分制，课程学习本身带有一定的功利性，而很多学生也往往重考试分数轻学习过程，严重削弱了理论教学的价值。职业生涯是一个人一生的职业工作经历，职业生涯规划则是个人根据对自身主客观环境的分析，以规划出一生中在事业发展上的战略设想与计划安排。目前，大学生的就业形势日益严峻，很多大学生则直到毕业阶段方才意识到社会的残酷与职场的现实，缺乏准备的结果就是影响了理想工作的获取。由于课程时间安排的不合理，一些院校只是把开展职业指导课当成一项任务，并没有真正考虑课程的时间安排，在低年级的时候就早早把这门课上完了，很多毕业生等真正要用到相关就业知识的时候，早已回忆不起上课教授的这部分内容，导致了就业过程中遇到很多不必要的麻烦。为了协助大学生进行理性的个性化职业选择与追求，就必须推进高校个性化职业指导，注重职业指导的全程化与发展性，指导学生进行个性化的职业生涯规划，以增强学生职业的目的性与计划性，助其实现职业目标和自我价值。
Offering personalized occupation guidance curriculum aim, is to help college students to grasp the theory and perfect occupation ability, to lay the ideological foundation for the step into the society fully. However, due to the implementation of the credit system in Colleges and universities, curriculum learning itself utilitarian certain, but many students also often heavy test scores the learning process light, weakened the theory of teaching value. Occupation career is a life-long occupation work experience, occupation career planning is the person according to the analysis of environment on its subjective and objective, to plan out the life in the career development of strategic vision and plan. At present, college students increasingly serious employment situation, many college students graduate stage until I realized that cruel and workplace social reality, the lack of preparation is the result of influence to get the ideal work. The course schedule is not reasonable, some colleges and universities to carry out the occupation guidance course just as a task, and without really thinking about the curriculum schedule, when low grade early to this course is finished, many graduates really when used in relevant employment knowledge, already can't recall the part of the contents of this class Professor, leads to encounter a lot of unnecessary trouble in the course of employment. In order to help college students personalized occupation choice and pursuit of rationality, we must advance the college personalized occupation guidance, whole process and development on occupation guidance, guide students to make personalized occupation career planning, to enhance the purpose and plan of the students' occupation, realizing occupation target and self value.
The big one for occupation career planning guide period, the period of the occupation career aims at training the students consciousness, make them aware of the importance of the occupation career. Should emphasize to educate students occupation career planning concept, let students understand the program settings, clear the direction of future employment, and considering the students' personal and professional, hobbies, personality characteristics, life goals, guiding the formulation of a personal occupation career planning is in line with the practical and suitable for the needs of society. At the same time, to guide the rational arrangement of college students and management time, consciously strengthen professional and technical learning, minor or elective courses, to shorten the adaptation period of university life, lay a good foundation for the future ability of the successful employment.
大二为职业生涯规划调整期，该时期旨在夯实大学生的专业基础，培养其综合能力，解决他们的职业生涯定向问题。具体应结合职业发展趋势与职业心理测评，帮助学生进一步认识自己的优劣势，以及职业兴趣、职业能力，并指导学生修正调整职业生涯规划与学习目标，积极参与学生会、社团等组织，努力取得英语、计算机等相关资格证书，以不断提升自身的综合素质，踏实稳步地执行职业生涯规划。对于一些不适应最初选择专业的学生，应引导在这一时期好好调整和规划，尽早重新选择满意专业，为今后更好的发展事业打下基础。
The occupation career planning big adjustment period, the period of professional foundation seeks to consolidate the students, cultivate their comprehensive ability, solve the problem of their occupation career orientation. The concrete should be combined with the development trend of occupation and occupation psychological evaluation, and help the students to know their own advantages and disadvantages, and occupation interest, occupation ability, and guide students to adjust occupation career planning and learning goals, students actively participate in, social organizations, to take English, computer and other related qualification certificate, to upgrade the comprehensive quality own, steadfast steadily performed occupation career planning. For some not to adapt to select professional students should be guided to the initial, adjustment and planning in this period, the early re satisfied with the choice of professional, lay the foundation for the development of the cause of a better future.
Three for the occupation career planning practice period, the period of occupation work aims at cultivating the ability and innovative ability of students, to improve their future employment competition ability. Specific should encourage students to participate in a variety of campus cultural activities, social practice activities, business plan competition, or the organization of human resource department communication with students, to help students understand different enterprise culture, to exercise and enhance the ability of social communication, professional practice ability and innovation ability. At the same time, a comprehensive inspection and familiar with the structure of their knowledge and abilities, further modification of occupation career planning in practice, to prepare for a move towards the society smoothly.
Four for the occupation career planning perfect period, the period of taking employment services as the focus, to improve the employment level and employment rate of students. Specific should guide students to good preparation for employment, and began to learn to provide employment guidance center employer data and information, strengthen job skills, a mock interview training, and actively participate in recruitment activities, in practice, check their accumulation and preparation, the completion of the initial conversion from students to the role of occupation.
三、开展体验式职业指导。
Three, carry out the experiential occupation guidance.
大学生在规划自己的职业生涯时，往往带有明显的盲目性与感性，即使参考了指导老师的意见或职业测评的结果，建立了较科学的职业生涯规划，仍无法保证其能认真地执行或实践。目前，大学生就业难的重要原因是高校的人才培养模式与职业实际需求脱节，为了降低用人成本，很多用人单位都不愿意录用应届毕业生。为了帮助大学生及早获取职业经验，培养和提高大学生职业能力，高校学生管理者应推进个性化职业指导，强制开展体验式职业指导，以助于学生更好地调整、修正、完善职业生涯，进而促进学生的职业化与社会化。
College students in planning their own occupation career, often with blindness and perceptual obvious, even if the reference to the views or occupation guidance teacher evaluation results, established a scientific occupation career planning, is still unable to ensure that it can seriously carry out or practice. At present, an important reason for the difficult employment of college students is out of touch with the actual needs of occupation mode of cultivation of college talent, in order to reduce personnel costs, many employers are reluctant to hire graduates. In order to help the students acquired early occupation experience, training and improving the students' ability of occupation, the management of college students should promote personal occupation guidance, forced to conduct experiential occupation guidance, to help students better adjustment, modification, improve the occupation career, and then promote the occupation rization and socialization of students.
社会职业调查体验。虽然经过专业职业指导课程的认真学习，有利于促进大学生对未来职业建立基本的认知，但也仅停留在教材的理论层面上，缺乏时新性和实践性。高校学生管理者可开展社会职业调查体验，具体可要求大学生利用寒暑假时间，结合社会实践的要求，在每学年根据本专业的行业特点，以及该专业的相关职业发展现状与前景、职业在人才方面的需求、职业在用人方面的标准、职业成功人士的成长历程，以及在相关领域的经营思想等情况，对企业、企业主管或校友等进行走访，结合相关的文献参考资料，对职业进行综合分析，并写出相应的调查报告或心得。在活动结束后，及时组织学生相互交流，可以利用 PPT 等形式汇报自己的调查成果。通过这些途径，使大学生对职业与职业生涯的认识从抽象上升到具体，从感性上升到理性，从而增强对职业的认同感，为在本领域做出一番成绩，为成为优秀的职业人而不断提升自己。
Social occupation experience survey. Although serious study through professional occupation guidance course, is conducive to the promotion of college students to establish the basic cognition of future occupation, but also only stay in the theoretical level of the teaching material, the lack of new and practical. The management of college students can carry out social occupation investigation experience, specific requirements of students use cold summer vacation time, combined with the requirement of social practice, in every year, according to the professional industry characteristics, development and the professional related occupation development present situation and the prospect, occupation demand, in the talent with the standards in respect of occupation in the people, occupation of successful people, and operation ideas in related fields, to the enterprise, business executives or alumni visit, combined with relevant literature references, a comprehensive analysis of occupation, and write the corresponding investigation report or experience. After the event, timely organize the students to communicate with each other, can use PPT form to report the results of their survey. Through these ways, make the students understanding of occupation and occupation career rising from abstract to concrete, from perceptual to rational, thereby enhancing the sense of identity of occupation, in order to make a success in this field, to become the outstanding occupation and continuously improve their own.
Occupation skill practice experience. At present, only let students contact occupation knowledge, go on the occupation post, to adapt to and satisfy the requirement of occupation, and obtain the direct, objective, accurate understanding of occupation and career, so as to promote their active attitude adjustment and the expected expansion of occupation skill, occupation, strengthen confidence, finally realize win-win unit and for college students. The management of college students should be through the provision of campus entrepreneurial activity, build school enterprise cooperation practice platform, organize the students took to the streets or community, professional knowledge learned to carry out various types of service, arrange students to carry on the short-term practice of employing units. Through many kinds of forms to actively carry out occupation skill practice experience, help the students went into the enterprise, understand business, understand the deep post, post, in order to promote the more determined their occupation belief, society of Leye, Qinye and dedicated, to calm in the face of various external changes and challenges.
四、实现个体化的职业咨询服务。
Four, the realization of individual occupation advisory service.
相同专业的学生往往具有相同职业方向与职业诉求，所以可以通过共性的、多元化的职业指导，满足大多数学生的个性化需求。但是，一些表现出羞涩、自卑、内向、脆弱、焦虑等个性特征的特殊群体的学生，往往由于不善表达与交流，使其在规划职业生涯或职业体验时，即使心存困惑却无法得到有效的解决，从而缺乏积极的职业动机，并给未来的择业与就业带来较大的不良影响。为了推进个性化职业指导，就必须立足于全体学生，在满足共性需求的基础上，还要尊重学生的个体差异，实现一对一式的个体化职业咨询服务②。
The same students tend to have the same occupation direction and occupation demands, so it is common occupation guidance, diversified, personalized to meet the demand of most students. However, some special groups showed a shy, introverted, weak inferiority, anxiety, personality characteristics of students, often due to poor expression and communication, which in the occupation career planning or occupation experience, even doubts but cannot be solved effectively, thus lack of occupation motivation, and give the future employment and employment brings greater adverse effects. In order to promote personalized occupation guidance, it must be based on all the students, based on satisfying the common requirements, respect students' individual differences but also, to achieve one to one individual occupation Advisory Services II.
虽然大多数具有职业心理问题的学生存在通过外界帮助解决自身困惑的愿望，但往往缺乏主动性。因此，高校应建立职业咨询服务三级网络系统。一级网络由学校职业指导机构从事职业咨询的专兼职教师组成，建立校职业咨询中心，总体负责全校的职业咨询工作，并对二、三级网络成员进行专业培训； 二级网络由各系部职业指导教师为主，主要负责所在系部的职业咨询工作，并积极配合校职业咨询中心开展相关工作； 三级网络由班级职业发展委员组成，每班可设男生和女生职业发展委员各一人，专门将职业关注热点及时上报，使教师能够准确了解学生中的最新思想动态，尽早为之排忧解难。通过建立职业咨询服务三级网络系统，有利于形成全校统一指挥、分工协作、职责明确、层层负责、齐抓共管的工作局面，能够最大限度地实现个体化的职业咨询服务。
Although most has the occupation psychological problems of the students through the outside help to solve their own confused desire, but often lack the initiative. Therefore, colleges and universities should establish three level network occupation advisory service. Form a level of network by the school occupation guidance institutions engaged in occupation consulting of part-time teachers, establish occupation school counseling center, responsible for the overall occupation consulting work, and professional training for two or three members of the network; the two level network by each department occupation guidance teachers as the main, the main responsible department occupation consulting work, and actively cooperate with the school occupation Advisory Center to carry out related work; three level network composed of class occupation development committee, each class can be provided with boys and girls occupation development committee of the one special occupation, will pay close attention to the focus timely on the newspaper, so that teachers can accurately know the latest in the trend of students' thought, as soon as possible to exclude the difficulty and anxiety. Through the establishment of three level network occupation consulting services, is conducive to the formation of the unified command, division of labor cooperation, clear responsibilities, layer upon layer is responsible for, catch condominium together working situation, can realize the maximum individual occupation advisory service.
Want to achieve to solve college students' occupation confused the issue expected by consulting the conversation, occupation guidance teachers must master certain consulting service means. Among them, the more important are the following two. One is to carry out occupation evaluation, namely according to the actual situation of students choosing occupation assessment tool for the evaluation, including occupation aptitude, personality test, psychological evaluation, occupation occupation interest assessment, to guide students to correctly understand the self, improve the self adjustment ability and the psychological bearing capacity, to assist its rationality to find the best matching people and jobs. Two is to provide the occupation information, namely through the provision of employment information, interview skills to the students, in order to enrich and expand the students' awareness of the real world, occupation of the society, to help them build confidence, success. Through these two kinds of means, so that the majority of students can be more fully and accurately recognize and grasp their job direction, fully prepared for a better job.
大学阶段是职业方向探索的重要时期，而做好高校个性化职业指导工作，不仅利于帮助大学生实现自身的职业愿望，利于提升高校的教育质量，更利于推进人力资源强国的建设目标。面对日益严峻的就业形势，各高校应突破盲目化、短期化、标准化、理论化的传统职业指导，结合大学生的实际情况，转而从“开设专业化职业指导课程、指导发展性职业生涯规划、开展体验式职业指导形式、实现个体化职业咨询服务”等方面出发，推进个性化职业指导，突出对学生个性化需求的满足。同时，帮助大学生正确认识自我，提升自我，准确选择职业方向，并在今后的职业生涯中不断学习与创新，从而最大化的实现自己的职业目标。
University is an important period of occupation direction of exploration, and completes the guidance of College personalized occupation, not only conducive to help students realize the aspirations of their own occupation, to improve the quality of education, more conducive to promoting the human resources construction target. Facing the increasingly severe employment situation, the university should break through the blind, short-term, standardization, the theory of the traditional occupation guidance, combined with the actual situation of students, turn from "open professional occupation guidance course, guiding the development of occupation career planning, carry out the experiential occupation instruction form, the realization of individual occupation advisory services" the aspects, advancing personal occupation guidance, giving prominence to the students to meet the personalized needs of the. At the same time, to help students a correct understanding of self, self improvement, the correct choice of occupation direction, and in the future occupation career of continuous learning and innovation, so as to realize the maximization of their own occupation target.
注释：
Notes:
①徐德斌： 《高校职业指导模式个性化创新探索》，《长春大学学报》，2009 年第 2 期。
Xu Debin: "to explore the" innovation model of personalized university occupation guidance, "Journal of Changchun University", 2009 second.
②郭捍华： 《高校职业生涯个性化指导实用模式探析》，《职业》，2010 年第 35 期。
Guo Hanhua: the "of" practical model of personalized occupation career guidance for university students, "occupation", 2010 thirty-fifth.
③李子超： 《对高校职业指导实践新模式的探索》，《考试周刊》，2012 年第 26 期。
Li Zichao: "the exploration of new mode of" university occupation guidance practice exams, "weekly", 2012 twenty-sixth.