关键词 语文教材 编写改革 语文本质 工具理性。
Keywords Chinese textbook reform of Chinese nature of instrumental.
一部优秀的语文教材是保证语文教学取得成功的前提，也是中华民族语言文化素质培养与传承的基本载体。从对历史和对中华民族未来高度负责的角度考察，语文教材编写的改革显然具有十分重要的意义。那么，我们应该怎样进行当下语文教材编写的改革与创新呢？ 本文就目前语文教材编写进行一些理性思考。
A good language teaching is the guarantee of Chinese teaching the success of the premise, is the language and cultural quality of the Chinese nation culture basic vector and inheritance. From the history and study of the future of the Chinese nation is highly responsible for the angle, the reform of language teaching material compilation of is clearly of great significance. So, how should we conduct current Chinese textbook reform and innovation prepared? In this paper, the present language teaching material compilation of some rational thinking.
一、语文教材的编写需当作国家和民族最伟大的“公共利益”。
One, the compilation of the Chinese teaching material as the country and the nation's greatest "public interest".
自从教育部引入竞争机制，鼓励各个有条件和能力的地方可以自行编写语文教材以来，中国语文教材顿时百花齐放，涌现出了数十种版本的语文新教材。经过大规模的实验教学，对语文教学的批评之声不但没有减弱，反而是越来越激烈，甚至部分教材遭受到了社会的严厉批评和诟病。关于语文教材的编写争议，成了学界及社会关注的热点。在众多对语文教材的质询声中，对某些编者在经济利益驱动下不顾语文教学的规律，各自为政，不顾及各学段教材基本的整体性与协调性的做法，也进行了尖锐批评。众所周知，母语教育是关系到民族未来及民族个性培育的重大事业，是我们最崇高的“公共利益”。这要求参与教材编写的每个人，都必须要有崇高的道德感、责任感与对民族语文教育的神圣感。
Since the Ministry of education to introduce competition mechanism, encourage all have the conditions and the ability to place can Chinese textbook compiling Chinese textbooks since, China immediately All flowers bloom together., emerged dozens of versions of Chinese textbooks. After the experimental teaching scale, to the teaching of Chinese criticism has not weakened, but is more and more intense, even some materials subjected to harsh criticism of the society and criticism. The preparation of controversy about the Chinese teaching material, has become a hot topic of academic and social concern. In many of the language teaching question sound, for some editors in the economic benefits of ignoring the law of Chinese teaching, act of one's own free will, regardless of and practice respectively studiessection teaching basic and overall coordination, also carried out a sharp criticism. As everyone knows, the mother tongue education is related to the major cause of national future and national culture character, is our most noble "public interest". Everyone in this requires the participation of textbooks, they must have a sense of the sacred lofty sense of morality, sense of responsibility and the education of ethnic chinese.
In contrast, the Chinese version with increased, economic interests, academic disputes is becoming increasingly fierce, the few editors forget ethnic and national interests, to forget their own historical mission, and to truly from an academic perspective. For example, high, compiling Chinese textbook of junior high school, although they are in the same city are writing a. Professor Wang led the series of "high school", "junior high school and Professor Tao LED series", the two men did not have the basic academic exchanges and conferences the compilation of Chinese textbook, but the local junior high school, senior high school Chinese teaching coherence blunt truncation. The preparation of such materials, problems are inevitable, but also create chaos written language teaching in a certain degree.
叶圣陶、夏丏尊作为语文教材编写的“大师”，其品格风范值得语文专家们反思。虽然历史发展了，时代语境不同了，编写的教材内容有所改革，但是他们严谨认真、一丝不苟、对民族及后代高度的责任感永远值得学习和敬仰。在语文教材的编写历程中，坚持这种崇高的语文道德精神，将是我们前行的不懈动力。这也正是当前我们重新翻读《文心》、《国文百八课》等经典时，仍然一往情深的原因所在。
Ye Shengtao, Xia Mian Zun as the compilation of Chinese textbook "master", the character style should be language experts reflection. Although the history of development of the times, different context, reform the content of teaching materials prepared, but they are rigorous and serious, be strict in one's demands on national and offspring, high sense of responsibility and respect always worth learning. In the language teaching material compilation process, adhere to this noble Chinese moral spirit, will be unremitting our forward momentum. This is also the current us to read "," Chinese "Wenxin hundred class" and other classic, where still be passionately devoted.
The preparation of two, Chinese textbook needs to insist on Chinese characteristics and Chinese rational spirit.
语文是什么？ 语文的本质就是对母语的语言文字及文化的学习与继承。语文教材不同于其他任何文科教材，虽然有人文性，但语文的工具性是其一切特点中最首要的特征。对字、词、语法、语言现象、语言写作的学习，是语文基本功的表现。坚持语文的工具性，就是坚持语文的理性精神。这种工具性是科学、逻辑、独立和思考的，而不是道德、玄学和精神的。长期以来，一些语文教材的编写者，总是以道德家、文学家、启蒙家与精神导师自居，所编教材中占据语文教材内容核心地位的是“人文主义”的精神说教与感化，而缺少一种质朴、本真、语文自身的工具主义精神。他们把语文自身的工具性诬蔑为“庸俗的技术主义”，而打着“人文精神”与“生命意义”、“个性主义”的口号，倡导语文教学的“娱乐主义”、“表演主义”的教学方式，让语文教材的编写越来越远离语文，而越来越靠近谁也无法说清楚的“生命”哲学和“人文”精神。
What is language? Language is the essence of language and culture to the native language learning and inheritance. Language teaching is different from any other liberal arts teaching, although there is human nature, but the language tool is the most important feature of all its characteristics. On the word, words, grammar, language phenomenon, language and writing to learn, is Chinese basic performance. Adhere to the Chinese as a tool, is to adhere to the rational spirit of chinese. This tool is a scientific, logical thinking, independent and, instead, and the spirit of moral metaphysics. Long term since, some Chinese textbook writers, always claim to moral home, home, home literature enlightenment and spiritual mentor, the compiling Chinese textbook content occupies core position in the textbook is "preaching humanism spirit and action", and the lack of a simple, true, Chinese own tools spirit. They put the Chinese own instrumental stigmatized as "technical doctrine" vulgar, but under the banner of "humanistic spirit" and "meaning of life", "individualism" slogan, advocate "in the teaching of Chinese entertainment doctrine", "performance doctrine" way of teaching, let the language of teaching materials more and more from the Chinese, and more and more the more close to the who can say clearly "philosophy of life" and "humanistic spirit".
现在，一些编者还普遍强调语文教材的审美性教育，事实上如果把基础教育的汉语课程转换成以欣赏和审美为最主要特征的文学教材，则偏离了语文自身的轨迹。语文教材变成了历史学、地理学、心理学、教育学、政治学课程的补充教材，则是离开了语文教材的本质。语文课不是一般道德的语言理论课、知识课，而是发展学生言语能力的实践课，是教师以语言理论去指导学生言语实践的应用课。语文作为社会交际最重要的工具，必须进行实用文的阅读和写作教学。
Now, some editors also generally stressed the teaching material of Chinese aesthetic education, in fact if the basic education curriculum into Chinese to appreciation and aesthetic as the most important features of the teaching of literature, is deviated from the language own trajectory. Chinese textbooks into history, geography, psychology, pedagogy, political science course of supplementary materials, it is essential to leave Chinese textbooks. Chinese class is not a general ethical theory of language courses, knowledge class, but the development of speech ability of the students practice class, is the application of class teachers in language theory to guide the students language practice. Language as a tool of social communication is the most important, the teaching of reading and writing must be of practical writings.
遗憾的是，语文课在今天的网络时代显得越来越浮躁，语文的工具性、知识性都没达到理想的语文教学目的。据报道，南方某省高考语文题卷中，有一段“根据阅读材料写一段话”的 12 分试题。几年考下来，学生成绩很不理想①。由此看出，学生语文应用能力的普遍下降已成了不争的事实。究其原因，各地在教学内容和教学手段的使用虽各不相同，但都毫无例外地将教学目标设定在课文所体现的“人文性”上，教学中作者思想的哲理性强调有余，关注词语的表现力明显不足。这是语文教材编写及语文教学对语文本身的偏离，是一种以表象的人文关怀思想代替真正的语文理性运用。为此，必须强调在语文教材编写时，一定注重语文的工具理性本质。
Unfortunately, Chinese class is more and more impetuous in today's Internet era, sex, knowledge tools Chinese didn't reach the ideal teaching goal. According to reports, a southern province college entrance examination language question, has a "12 questions to write a paragraph" reading material. Test down a few years, student achievement is not ideal. As a result, a decline in the student the language application ability has become an indisputable fact. Investigate its reason, the use of all in the teaching content and teaching method although each are not identical, but without exception, the teaching goal setting in the text embodies the "humanity", philosophical author thought in teaching emphasizes more than words, pay attention to the performance of power obviously insufficient. This is a compilation of Chinese textbook and Chinese teaching of language deviation in itself, is a representation of the humanistic thought instead of the true language of rational use. Therefore, we must emphasize on the language teaching material compilation, must pay attention to the nature of instrumental language.
三、语文教材的编写需要学习借鉴国外语文的编写经验与方法。
The preparation of three, Chinese textbooks need to learn from the experience and methods of foreign language writing.
Although different language, different nationalities, different cultures have different Chinese education characteristic and individuality, but Chinese (mother tongue language teaching method in the law of thinking skills), to the small and medium-sized law of psychological activities, and grasp the language, there are many is connected. The preparation of China Chinese textbooks, the role of education for many years to pay too much attention to the utilitarian doctrine. Although it has broken the "pep" rule all the land pattern, instilling but Chinese thinking still is a mold casting out "Chinese characteristic" Chinese domestication thought, Chinese curriculum into other courses extended curriculum. China compilation of Chinese textbook in the preparation of thinking and writing principle, should learn USA writing experience, discard the false preach superficial, emphasize language vocabulary teaching contents, reading, writing, literature, closely combined with the emphasis on reading and language training; pay attention to the cultivation of intuition, pay attention to the observation ability, pay attention to positive thinking attitude and rigorous logic the habit of thinking, pay attention to students' critical thinking in Chinese teaching contents. Only the Chinese teaching connotation and personalized combination, then, Chinese Chinese education is likely to return to the "language" teaching. For example, the composition teaching reform and domestic writing teaching American widespread attention to writing skills training is different, emphasizes the writing thinking training, especially the training of critical thinking. America teachers think, "critical thinking" is not specifically refer to people, carping criticism, simple linear thinking is not agree or disagree, but the independent consciousness, innovation consciousness, responsibility consciousness, pursuit of value. Require students to master the full argument based on the analysis, judgement and inference, the conclusion or judgment to objective and fair. The western language teaching material compilation pays much attention to the language of logic thinking training, one of the important function to emphasize language is to cultivate students' ability of logical thinking and expression clear. The starting point of logic judgment, is an advanced form of cognition, concept, judgment, inference is, analysis, inductive guarantee. In the language teaching material compilation, through the analysis of the logic of language and the semantic generalization, grasp and variation rule of words, to improve students' ability to grasp the use of logic. In the West and America Chinese teaching material, no matter what a grade, can see a lot about the natural, social, human, history, biology and other knowledge of the universe, the reading passage, which can not only improve the students' interest in learning, to meet the desire of all kinds of knowledge, but also train the students to the rational, scientific judgment logical ability. Chinese teaching junior high school Chinese teaching material has selected the famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng "Chinese stone arch bridge", "meteorologist Zhu Kezhen's march to the desert," "mathematician Hua Luogeng PERT method" and so on, are very good models of famous, has a certain role in cultivating the students' logical thinking.
Four, the compilation of the Chinese teaching material reform and innovation theory to guide practice.
目前的各种语文教材“经验型”居多，难有大的质量上的飞跃，主要原因是语文观念守旧，缺乏创新，缺乏借鉴和指导，决定教材编写质量的是“教学理论”而非“课程标准”。
At present various Chinese textbook "experience type" mostly, have big quality leap, the main reason is the Chinese conservative ideas, lack of innovation, lack of reference and guidance, decide the quality of textbooks is "teaching theory" rather than "curriculum standard".
教学理论影响和决定课程标准，课程标准影响和决定教材编写。教学理论的发展创新在前，课程标准研制和教材编写在后。在语文教材及教学的探索过程中，在百年语文教学的理论建构中，无论是启发式教学、自主性学习还是研究性学习，关键是中国语文教学在多大的程度上培养了学生的语文能力，即学生的阅读能力、写作能力、口语能力及文学能力，这些能力对学生一生的语言应用有多大的积极作用。我们时常提出“教材创新”和“教学创新”，到底应该以什么理论作为指导来进行创新？ 本文认为，中国语文教材的编写及语文教学的改革，必须在理论上进行多个方面的努力。
Teaching theory influence and decide the curriculum standard, the curriculum standard compilation affect and decide the teaching materials. The development and innovation of teaching theory in the former, the development of curriculum standard and textbook writing in the post. In the process of exploring the Chinese textbooks and teaching, in the construction of a hundred years of Chinese teaching theory, both the heuristic teaching, independent study or research study, the key is Chinese Chinese teaching to cultivate the students language ability in a large extent, namely the students' reading ability, writing ability, verbal ability and literature language application ability, these capabilities on student life and have a significant positive role. We always put "teaching innovation" and "teaching innovation", in the end should be what theory as the guide to innovation? This paper thinks, China compiling Chinese teaching material and Chinese teaching reform, must carry on the multiple efforts in theory.
Modern Chinese teaching before the founding of new China, basically pays more attention to the mutual fusion of Chinese instrumental and humanism thinking, pay attention to the language learning and Chinese traditional culture spirit. Today, Hongkong, Taiwan and Singapore Chinese region, their Chinese language teaching thinking, still follow is worn before the founding of new China, Chinese textbooks. Although part of extracurricular change, but some of the text into Chinese textbooks for decades has not changed, no matter classical poetry or modern literature, is thoroughly tempered ethnic Chinese classic essays. They on the Chinese classic, language, thinking of humanism and practical and utilization, are worthy of mainland Chinese teaching circles for reference, thinking. Mainland Chinese textbooks has been accused of not suitable for modern Chinese education text more, does not mean that the traditional humanities classics and ancient Chinese more content, it is precisely some vulgar sociology and political science articles more, not only enhance the ability of language expression is bad for students, but also teach the students the hypocrisy and lying.
Moral China language education theories must be out of the vulgar and social tool theory circle. After the founding of new China, the basic Chinese teaching slide into a political tool theory, learning language is learning political discourse, language itself instead of a political education accessories. On institutional and political ideology to write to the Chinese teaching material, ignoring the personality of Chinese education completely. Reform and opening up has been more than thirty years, the value function but vulgar language teaching material, moral political perspective is still shackled language, humanistic significance of bound of chinese. From primary school to high school, and the political, moral and false "false lofty", "pseudo classics" related articles, there are still dozens of articles. Professor, Department of Chinese, scholars have written articles lashed out at these full of modern hypocritical moralizing articles. The China language education theory must accept the baptism of the modern linguistics. After the reform and opening up, educational theory results emerge in endlessly, broke the Soviet Chinese pattern theory, especially the western modern education value theory be reference and application. In Chinese literary circles of great influence of structural linguistics, behaviorism psychology. Although the language generation theory and functional linguistics theory of Chinese language teaching materials is not shaped, but the new theory of modern language is changing some materials experts thought. For example, the behaviorism psychology attaches great importance to the behavior effects on cognition, feeling, memory, association and intellectual personality, if take the behaviorism psychology guide Chinese teaching, is based on the students' self behavior, to move the mouth of the classroom (reading) repetition demanding, repetition, enhance memory and understanding, teachers do not need full input. Some researchers think that Chinese teaching is to stick to the "one center, two basic points". "One center" namely, language training as the center, to strengthen the use of language. "Two basic points" that foster language skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing, book), to enhance the humanities accomplishment. Obviously, Chinese teaching must from "teaching materials" into "teach by teaching"; from "teaching the text" into literary language, the language used in class. The content of the text from the previous analysis of teachers' teaching, turn to the strategy oriented teaching, pay attention to reading, writing, guidance of learning methods, the ultimate goal is to improve the students' reading comprehension ability, language skills and learning ability. The hundred year language, 100 years of exploration, a hundred years of debate. In the time since the founding of new China dispute, research on Chinese language education in our country has three changes. The first is based on the language for the view, represented by Ye Shengtao, Zhang, Lv Shuxiang.
The second is literature view, represented by Wang Li, Qian Liqun, Wang Furen etc.. The third is the curriculum theory as the perspective, represented by Wang Rongsheng etc.. Third steering, the multiple selection of Chinese curriculum patterns gradually become a reality, the teaching materials will show a "diversification" pattern. However, in the "false level diversification" prosperity, there is more of the language teaching in Chinese teaching confused and puzzled, Chinese language of teaching materials in the end how to change? The expert thinks: "to solve the existing problem of Chinese language teaching, improving the Chinese classroom teaching reform, in the final analysis, improvement depends on the curriculum of the Chinese language teaching materials compilation. This requires Chinese teachers need to shift from 'qualification' to 'intelligent' and 'intelligent', with the Chinese education to promote all-round development of students." The experts also think: "education department for the primary school language textbook compilation in idea, system can do some bold attempt, for example, as long as the Ministry of education of Chinese curriculum standard, Chinese textbook can fully liberalized market, at the same time the choice of teaching material to the school, teachers hands, let primary school language teaching materials through the market competition, the survival of the fittest." And no matter how many opinions, many kinds of programs, in the era of the impetuous and noisy, the language teaching material compilation needs precipitation, the language teaching material compilation should not become some people enrich one's family tool, but a kind of national and public interests of the historical mission, need more reason spirit, the spirit of responsibility and the national spirit. The compilation of the Chinese teaching material need is real to return to the essence of language, with the developed countries in Europe and America national language teaching material compilation for reference, to a modern, open, democratic, rational and scientific Chinese spirit up.
注释：
Notes:
①杨连成： 《我们需要什么样的语文教育，老师的定位在哪里》，《光明日报》，2010 年 7 月 28 日。
Yang Liancheng: "we need what kind of Chinese education, the teacher's orientation where", "Guangming Daily", July 28, 2010.
②王爱娣： 《从〈项链〉的教学看美国语文教育的价值追求》，《现代语文》，2005 年第 9 期。
The Wang Aidi: "from the 'Necklace' teaching of Chinese language education American pursuit of value", "modern Chinese", 2005 ninth.
③黄秋月： 《对小学语文教材选文批判的回应》，《上海教育科研》，2011 年第 4 期。
The Huang Qiuyue: "the primary school Chinese textbook critical response", "Shanghai education scientific research", 2011 fourth.
④⑤孙晓菲： 《上师大教授： 中小学语文教育应与课文内容说再见》，《东方网》，2010 年 12 月 30 日。
The Sun Xiaofei: "the NTNU Professor: Chinese education should say goodbye" and the text content of primary and secondary schools, "Oriental", December 30, 2010.
⑥沈翀： 《民间会诊： 小学语文教材为何屡受诟病》，《半月谈》，2010 年第 23 期
The Shen Chong: "private consultation: primary school Chinese textbook why repeatedly criticized", "banyuetan", 2010 twenty-third