随着教育改革的不断深入，中职学校都在改变传统的教学模式，优化教学内容，创新教学手段、教学方式，努力培养符合企业要求的技术人员。作为电气类专业教师，我在努力探究适合中职生实际的教学模式。该文以《电气控制》课程的教学为例，谈谈该课程在教学中采用开放式教学模式的策略。
With the deepening of education reform, vocational schools are changing the traditional teaching mode, optimizing the teaching content, teaching means, teaching method innovation, and strive to cultivate conforms to the requirements of the technical personnel of enterprises. As the electrical specialty teachers, in my efforts to explore practical teaching model of secondary vocational school students. The paper takes "the electrical control" course teaching for example, talk about the courses using open teaching mode in teaching strategies.
1 中职《电气控制》课程教学的现状
1 secondary "electrical control" course teaching present situation
《电气控制》课程是电气类、机电类专业的一门必修专业课，是为学生毕业后从事电气控制系统安装、维修、管理等工作提供必要的知识和技能。从许多中职学校《电气控制》课程教学情况来看，该课程的教学主要集中在理论知识介绍与实训器材的使用上，对理论与实践的有机结合是远远不够的。采用的教学方式是先理论知识授课，后技能实训。教学环节在时间与空间上安排是分散的，理论课和实训课存在着课时分配不合理的现象；从毕业生就业后的跟踪调查来看，这些学生毕业后进入工作单位，不能完整认识电气控制线路中的元器件，在设备安装时也无法达到要求，更无法进行控制系统的设计开发。这说明我们的课程教学模式过于单一，强调课堂灌输，理论与实际相脱离，造成学生知识面过窄，适应环境的能力较弱。这种教学模式已经不能满足学生就业的要求。
"Electrical control" course is a compulsory professional courses of electrical, mechanical and electrical engineering, is for students after graduation engaged in electrical control system installation, repair, management to provide the necessary knowledge and skills. From the teaching situation in many secondary vocational schools "electrical control" courses, the teaching of this course focuses on the use of theoretical knowledge of the introduction and training equipment, the organic combination of theory and practice is not enough. By the way of teaching is the first theoretical knowledge teaching, post skill training. Teaching in the time and the space arrangement is dispersed, the theory teaching and training class there is a lesson unreasonable distribution phenomenon; from a survey of graduates employment after the point of view, these students after graduation to enter the unit of work, not a complete understanding of the components in the electric control line, in the installation of equipment cannot meet the requirements, but can not design and development of control system. This shows that our teaching pattern is too unitary, emphasizing the classroom indoctrination, theory divorced from practice, resulting in students' knowledge is too narrow, the ability of adapting to the environment is weak. This teaching mode has been unable to meet the requirements of students' employment.
2 the open teaching mode of meaning
开放式教学模式是指在教学中，以学生为中心，以学生发展为宗旨，注重理论和实践相结合，培养学生掌握有效的学习方法，促进学生全面发展的教学模式。开放式教学要求教学内容、教学形式、教学环境、课程评价方式都具有相应的开放性。
Open teaching mode refers to the teaching, take the student as the center, take the student development as the purpose, pay attention to the combination of theory and practice, the cultivation of students' effective learning methods, to promote all-round development of students in teaching mode. Open teaching requirements teaching content, teaching form, teaching environment, curriculum evaluation methods have open the corresponding.
1）教学内容的开放性。随着电气控制技术的迅速发展，《电气控制》课程的教学内容必须做到不断更新，这样才能培养出适合行业发展需要的技术人员，这就是教学内容的开放性。教学内容的开放性要求教师了解当前电气控制技术发展状况，在教学时选用合适的教材和辅导用书，并重新整合与优化教材的教学内容，或编写了具有本专业特色和适应本专业发展的校本教材，才能实现教学内容的开放性。
1) open teaching content. With the rapid development of electrical control technology, electrical control "course" teaching content must be constantly updated, so as to train for technical staff development needs of the industry, this is the openness of teaching content. The teacher demand for open teaching contents to understand the current electrical control technology development condition, select appropriate teaching materials and counseling books in teaching, teaching content and re integration and optimization of teaching materials, or write with the professional characteristics and adapt to the professional development of school-based teaching materials, open to achieve the teaching content.
2）教学形式的开放性。由于《电气控制》课程具有基础性与实践性并重的特点，在教学中充分利用学校已有教学资源，并根据行业的发展情况，自制实训接线板、排故线路板、电气控制实训台，同时，还要选购相关实训设备，丰富教学资源。学校可以让学生走出校门，走向企业，在真实的生产场景中学习知识，提高实际操作能力，这就是教学形式的开放性。教学形式的开放性要求教师善于使用各种实训设备，在教学中能充分运用各种教学资源创新教学，这是实现教学形式开放的基础。同时，教师要努力改变学生把教材知识作为唯一的知识内容，把教师作为知识、智慧的唯一源泉，把学校、课堂作为唯一的学习场所的封闭式的学习理念，倡导学生在广泛的教育资源背景下进行自主学习、主动 学习。
2) open teaching form. Because of "electrical control" course has the fundamental and practical features of both, make full use of existing teaching resources in the teaching of the school, and according to the development of industry, self training wiring board, troubleshooting circuit board, electrical control training platform, at the same time, would also like to purchase related training equipment, rich teaching resources. The school can get the students out of the school gate, to the enterprise, to learn knowledge in a real production scenario, improving the practical operation ability, this is the teaching of open form. Openness of teaching form teachers are good at using a variety of training equipment, can make full use of all kinds of innovative teaching resources in teaching, which is the basis of open teaching form. At the same time, teachers should try to change the students put the textbook knowledge as knowledge content only, take the teacher as the only source of knowledge, wisdom, closed the school, the classroom as the only places of learning the learning concept, advocating students' autonomous learning, active learning in a wide range of educational resources under the background of.
3) open teaching environment. With the continuous development of science and technology, new teaching ideas are also constantly derivative, is bound to become more and more rich teaching resources and has a specific function of education education environment into the teaching activities. Classroom teaching, multimedia simulation teaching, simulation training, enterprise production scene to the practice are all common teaching mode in secondary vocational school, classroom, training room, enterprises here said is teaching environment, "electrical control" is a combination of theory and practice is very tight curriculum, which requires students to actively thinking, diligent in learning, teachers in the choice of mode of teaching according to the teaching content to move the classroom training base or enterprise, let the students and machine equipment is adjacent, complete the learning in the open teaching environment, which is the open teaching environment. Open teaching environment, to realize the theory class, operation class completed in the same space objective. In the teaching of the site layout of various components, circuit model, machine troubleshooting equipment and related machine line charts, to create a learning environment of excellent courses. The theory of class, not only the traditional blackboard teaching means, there are real can be used to explain, also can use multimedia presentation. Reasonable arrangements for the training course schedule, will study the theory and operation skills of close together, eliminate the separation theory courses and training courses phenomenon. For example: after learning the contactor interlocking positive control circuit theory knowledge inversion, can through the operation in the training area nearby, to complete the task, make the theory and practice of operation integration. In this environment, the students can successfully complete the theory of the learning and skills of operation in the same space.
4）课程评价方式的开放性。课程目标最终将由学习的结果来体现，不能没有结果的学习，也不能学习没有结果。传统的课程评价就是单纯的考试成绩，学生为应付每学期最后的一次考试而背着沉重的负担。要想全面提高学生素质，每门课程的评价都要给学生全面发展留有充足的时间和空间，也就是要构建让学生享受成功的评价。这就是课程评价方式的开放性。课程评价方式的开放性，要求教师对学生在《电气控制》课程学习的全过程进行评价，包括课堂问题回答的积极性及正确性、作业完成情况及完成质量、实训项目完成情况及完成质量等，并随时记录评价结果。在评价时要少批评多激励，让学生感到自己可以学好。在期末，学校组织学生参加维修电工初中级考试，获取技能等级证书。通过考证来检查学生的学习效果。
4) the open curriculum evaluation mode. Course objectives will eventually by the results of learning to reflect, not is not the result of learning, can not learn without results. The traditional curriculum evaluation is a simple test scores, students each semester to cope with the last exam while carrying a heavy burden. To improve the quality of students, evaluation of each course will give the students all-round development with sufficient time and space, is to construct the evaluation to enable students to enjoy success. Open this is the curriculum evaluation mode. The open curriculum evaluation mode, evaluation of students requires teachers in "the whole process of electrical control" course learning, enthusiasm and correctness, homework assignments and complete quality, training project completion and completion quality answer includes classroom problems, and to keep records of the results of evaluation. When the evaluation to less criticism more incentive, let students feel they can learn. In the end, the school students to participate in the maintenance electrician at the beginning of the intermediate examination, obtain the skill level certificate. Pass the research to check students' learning effect.
3 "electrical control" uses the open style teaching mode of the course of strategy
开放式教学模式体现在各个教学环节中，教师要根据教学环节的不同，采用不同的策略，才能真正实施开放式教学，提高教学效果。
Open teaching mode embodies in all links of teaching, teachers teaching according to link different, use different strategies, the real implementation of open teaching to improve the teaching effect.
1）课堂教学采用项目教学法。在课堂教学中，要体现教学的开放性，必须以学生为主体的教学理念，项目教学法是一种以学生为主体的教学方法。首先根据教学要求将教材内容项目化，然后编写项目任务书。在教学过程中，学生在任务驱动下，制定项目计划，完成相应操作，当学生完成相应操作后，项目评价则采用小组同学之间互评或教师评价等方法进行。在完成项目任务过程中，教师的作用是组织、指导，项目教学法发挥学生的主体作用，体现“做中学，学中做”的教学特点，体现教学的开
1) the item teaching method in classroom teaching. In the classroom teaching, to reflect the open teaching, must take the student as the main body of teaching philosophy, project teaching is a student-centered teaching method. Firstly, according to the teaching requirements teaching material content of the project, and then write the project task book. In the process of teaching, students in the task driven, project planning, the completion of the corresponding operation, when the students finish the corresponding operation, project evaluation is used to group between the students mutual evaluation or teacher evaluation method. At the completion of the project tasks, the role of teachers is the organization, guidance, the students play the main role in the project teaching method, embodies the "learning by doing, learning by doing" teaching characteristics, teaching open
放性。例如：学习常用主令电器的基本知识，具体教学实施步骤如下：①任务要求：熟悉主令电器的用途、会正确选用主令电器。②任务内容：主令电器的结构及用途、主令电器的符号和型号、主令电器的选用。③知识解读：按钮的结构及用途、按钮的符号和型号、行程开关的结构及用途、行程开关的符号和型号。④任务实施：主令电器的选用、主令电器的安装、主令电器的常见故障及处理办法。⑤任务评价：对常用主令电器的基本知识掌握情况、是否会选用、安装常用主令电器。
Release. For example: the basic knowledge learning common master appliances, specific teaching implementation steps are as follows: the task requirements: familiar with use, so the main electrical appliances will be the correct choice of the main electrical appliances. The task of content: master the structure and use, electrical master symbols and models, electrical master appliances selection. Knowledge interpretation: button, button structure and use of symbols and models, a travel switch and the travel switch structures and the use of symbols and models. The task implementation: master electrical equipment selection, master appliances installation, master switch common faults and processing methods. The evaluation mission: the basic knowledge of commonly used master appliances to grasp the situation, whether it will choose, used to install the main electrical appliances.
2) "first hands-on, practical teaching adopts post theory, learning by doing". Practical teaching is an important way to cultivate students' operation skills. Open reflect the practice teaching, in the practice teaching can adopt "first hands-on, after theory, doing" teaching mode, that is first given training tasks, allow students to explore on their own, when students finish the task, or because of lack of theoretical knowledge of students unable to complete the task, the teacher then explaining theories, so to complete the task of exploring students can feel the joy of success, and combine the theory with practice, let cannot complete the task of the students completed the training tasks under the guidance of the theories. This "first hands-on, after theory, doing" teaching mode in vocational schools is currently widely teaching mode. For example: install contactors interlocking three-phase asynchronous motor positive inversion control circuit, the specific teaching implementation steps are as follows: 1. Let the students try to analysis the working principle, circuit connected control circuit and main circuit. Then let the students use the multimeter circuit, testing to confirm correct, no-load and load test. The teacher explains the knowledge point, analysis and installation method of the working principle of the control circuit. According to the teacher's explanation, further detecting control circuit for students to complete and loading test, no-load. In the process of teaching, let the students their first hands-on, cultivate their line installed capacity. There is a problem with the operation process, the teacher to explain the theory, let the students under the guidance of the theories, and explore ways to solve the problem. The whole process of middle school students is the protagonist, teachers only play a guiding role to help.
3）引导学生采用小组合作方法学习。传统的“秧苗式”座位方式和单一的教学方式，让学生之间缺乏互相合作的机会，对学生的合作学习有阻碍作用。在教学中，可引导学生自愿组合，以2～3人为一个小组，实施小组合作学习。通过合作学习，鼓励学生发挥自我意识，表现自己，并学会尊重别人意见，欣赏别人，增强合作精神，共同完成学习任务。例如：在安装三相异步电动机星—三角减压起动控制线路时，小组进行分工合作：有的安装元器件、有的装接控制电路、有的装接主电路，一起调试、检测，形成互补学习。并以小组为单位，向全班汇报小组意见，接受其他同学的质疑与教师的点拨，在和谐、自由的讨论中得到问题的结论。这一过程中，让每一个学生都主动参与，体验成功，感受集体力量，感受到自己被尊重，从而提高自信心，提高学习兴趣。同时，有助于增进团体合作的信心和兴趣，有利于学生之间互相取长补短，有利于培养学生的集体荣誉感，有利于提高既合作又竞争的现代企业意识。苏霍姆林斯基说过：“应该让我们的学生在每一节课上，享受到热烈的、沸腾的多姿多彩的精神
3) guide the students to adopt cooperative group learning method. The traditional "seedling" type seat mode and the single way of teaching, let the lack of mutual cooperation opportunities among students, cooperative learning on student has the hindrance function. In the process of teaching, students can free combination, with 2 to 3 groups, the implementation of cooperative learning groups. Through cooperative learning, encourage students to develop their sense of self, express themselves, and learn to respect the opinions of others, appreciation of others, enhance the spirit of cooperation, to jointly complete the task of learning. For example: in the installation of the three-phase asynchronous motor starting control circuit of star - Delta, group division: some install components, some connected control circuit, connected with some main circuit, debugging, detection, complementary learning. And as a team as a unit, to report to the class discussion, questioning the other students and teachers teach, get the conclusion in harmony, discuss the problem of freedom. In this process, to let every student active participation, experience success, to feel the collective strength, feel to be respected, to improve self-confidence, improve the interest of learning. At the same time, help to enhance cooperation with the confidence and interest, benefit students between each other, is conducive to the cultivation of student's collective sense of honor, is conducive to the improvement of both cooperation and competition of modern enterprise consciousness. Sue Home Linsky said: "we should let our students in every class, enjoy the warm, boiling colorful spirit Life."
因此，《电气控制》课程构建开放式的教学体系，优化课程教学内容与课程培养体系，突破教学课堂的限制，实施开放式教学模式，让学生大胆地把个性展现出来，这对中职生今后的职业发展有着重要的
Therefore, "the electrical control" course construction of open teaching system, optimizing the teaching content and curriculum system, break through the teaching classroom constraints, the implementation of open teaching mode, students boldly put personality show, the occupation of the future development of the secondary vocational school students has important
作用。
Effect of.
参考文献
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