The modern transformation of Chinese philosophy, especially the philosophy of the west, is the pursuit of Mou Zongsan's persistent pursuit. Mou Zongsan in the study of Kant's philosophy of process, with a particular focus on Kant's philosophy of the three concepts: free will, intellectual intuition, thing in itself. And based on the the righteousness of Chinese traditional philosophy and spirit of the transformation, not only enrich the connotation of the three concepts, changed the relationship among the three for to design a "body, and fruit of the Trinity theory framework.
One
Relationship between free will and wisdom of intuition, own the of in Kant's philosophy as follows: thing in itself is the logical starting point and as a basis for the phenomenon behind the unknowable; free will is a part of their, namely as the thing in itself is a trait, Kang Deyin think the understanding, so the provisions as a postulate; intellectual intuition is accessible thing in itself, but Kant held that this ability is not to have can only imagine the may originally have (can be understood as an allusion to God). Although the thing in itself is the logical starting point, but the concept in the field of epistemology almost nothing, only with negative meaning, marking the boundaries of human knowledge. And in practice in the field, but promising, because Kant as thing in itself a part of my own (i.e. as a thing in itself) have free will, free will can be self rule and act according to self rule, make the person in the practice field can get rid of the inevitable causality constraints and achieve freedom. Kant's epistemology and ontology are completely separated, and they criticize the traditional ontology with the complete and rigorous epistemology.
These three concepts are embodied in Mou Zongsan's borrowing and Transformation: the free will as the logical starting point, and he thinks that Kant's free will can be equated with Chinese traditional philosophy. Namely, free will for the body, to the wisdom of intuition as the use, to the thing itself as the fruit, this is respectively the. The body uses the fruit of the three person to be one again, according to Chinese philosophy body with one yuan of saying this is not difficult to understand. Although Mou himself did not explicitly so corresponding, but I think this sort, is more conducive to clarify Kant and Mou Zongsan the similarities and differences between these three concepts. On the other hand also more help to the understanding of Mou Zongsan's thought. And Mou talked about "the basic being on" the construction once said: "the basic ontological concept ontology 'only from conscience, moral sense or really often at the heart of the established.
Conscience, moral sense or often true heart is' real 'body; practice and this is the real body is' real useful (the actual body appoint)'; sanctification, reality, Buddha in order to obtain the real sex is infinite. This is the 'real fruit "(the actual body practice and fruit). Body, use, fruit is' the basic existence of all the contents of the." Kant's "superb, conscience from the establishment of" metaphysical "superb" ("Mr. Mou Zong San's complete works" the 21 volumes, 449 pages) Mou Zongsan strongly opposed to Heidegger from Kant said the "inner shape (school immanent-metaphyisics at the establish basic ontology, but should be considered Kant said (transcendent metaphyisics at that road, heart or often true heart is established, thus the Kant's Metaphysics" turn for "moral metaphysics". He said: "the 'moral metaphysics' the end theme, we may say the' thing in itself ', free will, moral community and nature of the communication, the planning (plan). The three can become a complete set of true to be established, that is, the moral of the school of the full realization of the full rely on the wisdom of intuition." ("Mr. Mou Zongsan," the twenty-first volume, 449th pages), Mou Zongsan has been the object of his own, free will, wisdom of intuition as to build its "moral metaphysics" essential elements. In spite of Mou Zongsan undeclared mentioned above in "body, and fruit is refers to the freedom of the will and wisdom of intuition, thing in itself, but we such an understanding, or with the intention of Mou Zongsan. Conscience, moral sense or often true heart can be collectively referred to as free infinite mind, which had been Mou clearly defined as ontology, which he called the "practice and this is the real" process is precisely intellectual intuition presented the process, and the so-called "sanctification, reality and Buddha" is refers to the realization of the ideal personality, namely intellectual intuition, the eventual realization of the environment, only in the physical environment, people are able to "true me" attitude appearance, can "such as such as presented, that only in this physical objects and people in the environment, in order to obtain their identity. The need to point out is that the moral metaphysics of Mou Zongsan's moral metaphysics is mainly due to the Confucian thought, because the Confucian school is the moral practice. If a more comprehensive, should also be the Buddhism and Taoism are also included in, because the latter is from seeking check for silence staffing practices and Mou Zongsan "free school", so that should be referred to as for "the practice of metaphysics". Mou Zongsan is expected through the careful design of the "body, and fruit Trinity theory architecture, both for philosophy with Chinese traditional moral principles for speculative reference and to Kant's philosophy, set up a leading to the body of the bridge.
The formation of Mou Zongsan's theory is related to the teaching of the teacher Xiong Shili. In the early 1930s, Xiong Shili once wrote in a letter to Mou Zongsan's letter said: "my son wants to Kant stated, to return to the road, even the focus, but Kant's so-called God and soul and free will of the three concepts, too fragmented. That if God and soul and cancel talk of free will, not miaozai! Schopenhauer's will, without Ming also, my so-called bad habits. Kant's free will, if good play can blend my big easy endless really few (the cosmological words can speak into the inner dominate (the name to conscience), people of the sky and a, not Miaozai! " (Xiong Shili, page 249) perhaps it is based on such inspiration, Mou of the growing importance of Kant's philosophy and Chinese traditional philosophy complement each other place, he believes that Chinese philosophy of future development depends in between Chinese and western philosophy effective interaction and integration. Only truly understand the western philosophy for digestion, and thus, will have the future development of Chinese philosophy. Kant's philosophy is the peak of the western philosophy, so he said: "digestion of the western philosophy must start from the digestion of Kant. In the west, also only is the best real Kant bridge between Chinese and Western culture of the post, it is the only way." (see Ren Hou Cai, page 42) it is not difficult to understand why Mou Zongsan in ease of traditional Chinese philosophy is always associated with Kant's philosophy to talk, and in constructing their own theoretical system, it is difficult to give up rely on some concepts in Kant's philosophy.
二
In particular, Mou Zongsan is how to use and transform the three important concepts of the philosophy of Kant, and thus accomplish their own ingenious idea? First of all, we will see free will, free will in Kant's philosophy is just one aspect of the dual attributes of human will. By the division of the phenomenon and its own, Kant not only makes the thing have a dual nature, but also makes people have a dual nature: as a phenomenon of people and people as the object of their own. As a phenomenon, the principle of the will of the subject is the subject's natural action, which is not entirely good. As a man, his will can be independent and subordinate to the law of independence.
Kant, although people have free will, but also believe that such traits for limited rational beings can only be incredible but do not prove, therefore, is a postulate. So free will although is a very important concept in Kant's philosophy. However, Kant has always only give it to set the birthright of quasi and the freedom of the will with the soul immortal, the existence of God tied for the practical reason of three postulate. Among them, the free will is to guarantee the existence of the moral law and had some postulate, the immortality of the soul is to ensure the moral perfection and had some postulate that God is to ensure the consistency of morality and happiness of a round of good and had some postulate.
And this concept is directly equivalent to the free infinite heart after Mou Zongsan's reform. As a result, whether its authority, or status has been greatly improved. Mou Zongsan holds that Kant only the free will as a postulate, the free will become abstract, solitary hanging, does not have the initiative and Sili Xing force, so that the moral law implementation, lack of motivation. Mou Zongsan through on sex, love, heart, free will note activities and Xingfa force to for Kant solve "free will how to practice" is the problem. Mou Zongsan believes that sex, love, heart can be up and down its talk, not only can be under the experience level, but also to go beyond the level of the. In the latter aspect, is the body, love is feeling, the heart is the heart, which has the meaning of ontology.
As a matter of fact, Mou Zongsan to Kant's free will equal with the unlimited freedom of heart, in the connotation has far exceeded the Kant's free will, can be said to be assimilative Kant's three postulate: free will, immortal soul and God. For free and unlimited heart is the source and basis of human moral behavior, and it is the premise that people break through the limitation of their own. Mou Zongsan thought that it is not proper to have the freedom of the will and the spirit of the two parallel. Because if the immortality of the soul in the soul as individuals, shape and level, then it must be limited, immortal design has not established; if it as a metaphysical level as I really, that I as a thing in itself, then with the freedom of will for a, do not need to have two parallel postulate. Free infinite heart (free will) and God also can not serve as the two set, because the free infinite heart (free will) is the highest existence, God also has the highest existence, and in theory can not have two unlimited, the highest, the two will be one. So Mou Zongsan thought that three without Kant is a free, unlimited heart will be carrying this three postulate. He had clearly said: "this is pure immortal heart benevolence often in the eternal body (entity). To say the immortality of the soul, the soul is immortal, not in the heart of benevolence in vitro, and do not have an immortal soul....... And so is the existence of god. This is absolutely universal and infinite and creative mind humanity that God -- the highest ruler." (Mou Zongsan, 2008, P. 174-175) Mou Zongsan transformed the free will of Kant, which not only made it present, but also increased from one aspect of the dual attributes of the human will.
The wisdom of intuition in Kant, first of all, as a kind of ability to recognize their own ability, Kant, through a number of aspects of human understanding of the critical investigation, it is concluded that people can not have the wisdom of intuition, and then it is conceived as the original existence of the ability. Mou Zongsan believes that we should not only consider the wisdom of intuition as a cognitive principle in a narrow sense, but should be considered as a creative principle, and the wisdom of intuition is not created by the phenomenon but the thing itself is a value concept, the value can only be revealed to others, but only by the human creation, so the main body of the intuitive knowledge is bound to be human. He and the ease of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism classic to clarify, the realization of intellectual intuition does not rely on people's cognitive ability, but rely on people's practice ability or the ability to create, intellectual intuition is also does not need to analyze the logic in the form of to be proved. It can be made for unlimited freedom of heart function, heart.
Mou Zongsan in a certain extent inherited the teacher Xiong's view, in the Chinese traditional philosophy theory, and uses the concept of often the equivalent of the Western Philosophy in the entities and phenomena, and Xiong Shili is often refers to the essence and the function of the, Xiong said: "body, the cloud body. The province of the use, function, or function." ("the complete works of Xiong Shili" volume third, page 276th) he not only pay attention to the heart of the body, pay more attention to the heart with a large format. Mou Zongsan has been adhering to the idea of Xiong Shili's "the use of the body of knowledge", "the use of the body", which emphasizes the significant development and presentation of the mind body through intuition. He said: "if the body is used here, it is not that the phenomenon is also (three different systems, so the body is also different). For the infinite heart (Zhi Xin), for the thing itself; for the cognitive heart (mind, limited), for the phenomenon. By the former, there is no holding (ontology) of the ontology, by the latter, into the holding of the (phenomenon) of the existence of....... In the Unholding punished, said by (for use by the body to use). To hold being punished, said the right." ("Mr. Mou Zong San's complete works Vol. 21, page 17) here said the corresponding to thing in itself, without attachment being punished to appear by refers to intellectual intuition. Visible, Mou Zongsan through the use of hierarchical processing, not only the achievements of the meaning of the world, beyond the world, but also the achievements of the phenomenon as a representative of the material world, the experience of the world. This is built including the practice of two layers of ontology or metaphysics of moral metaphysics.
The prominent feature of Mou Zongsan's theory is that it emphasizes the important position of the fruit itself. He will thing in itself as a free unlimited Xintong intellectual intuition with the creation of the results, then the thing in itself is how to be creative? Mou Zongsan this way: "intellectual intuition is just the bottom of Ming Ren's self in him (he awakening) activities. It is intuitive to be aware of his consciousness. Self consciousness is its own certificate, if humanity is a conscience and sense of self. He is aware that students feel that, as in their own things and feel comfortable or shide." (MOU, 1985, page 140) intellectual intuition by "consciousness" and "sleep he" two to the degree of activity, the reflection and creation of thing in itself. Among them, "consciousness" and Mou Zongsan called "reverse somatosensory card" is conscience kernel object itself a conscious activity, instead of being subjected to the perceptual self effect. Is characterized by the inability of the relationship, just conscience humanity own specific presentation, by Mou Zongsan's argument is as a "in its own" and the card. And this is the process of the wisdom of intuition that presents itself as a human being.
In addition to consciousness, there is "consciousness" in the form, the so-called "sense of him" is the heart of the body (as the object itself) process. Mou Zongsan said: "in the moral metaphysics, created by the achievement of personal moral conscience kernel is always associated with the universe biochemical and, because it is the benevolence Gantong without outside and said the. This feeling of not to say, all there is this sense of run in biochemistry, and has its existence....... So intellectual intuition itself gives its object (object is easy to say, no semantic objects), namely, the creation of intellectual intuition. " ("Mr. Mou Zong San's complete, Vol. 20, P. 256) is said, the heart can not only through the intellectual intuition to create moral behavior, so as to present my own," conscious "; and of all creation," non left "to complete the" think he "process. Here said the creation of all existence is not to generate the objective of foreign objects from the point of view of cosmology, but heart can give all things with meaning, namely free unlimited Xintong too intellectual intuition with the creation of the existence of not and treat the objective of foreign objects, authentic materials, but things in themselves, namely value. Mou Zongsan further explained: "everything in existence in the intellectual intuition, i.e. in the conscience of humanity enlightenment in the run, a 'in its own' comfortable contented compounds, the contemplation of all things all complacent), is not a phenomenon of objects, such as Kant the cognitive rules." (ibid., P. 257) is objective external things in mind body according to the discrimination and sleep under the run, does not appear to the identity of the phenomenon, and in their identity, equal to that of the heart of the creation of the thing in itself. Mou Zongsan while not denying everything in heaven and on earth is not depend on people and independent of the presence of naturalness, but more emphasis on the meaning of the relationship between heart and things between.
Mou Zongsan by means of the material itself is a concept of value, so that the object itself from the "body" in the philosophy of "body" status, the conversion of the material itself represents the moral world, the value of the world, the world is more reasonable. Because if like Kant directly in the way that the thing in itself as a body, then it will be constant is not easy ready-made things, and MOU will be regarded as the fruit, the formation when there is a process, in this process, the moral world to attain to perfection, the value of the world was able to generate, the meaning of the world was able to show.
Three
To sum up, Mou Zongsan's theoretical framework is based on the Chinese traditional philosophy of academic resources and the spirit of justice, the transformation of Kant's philosophy. So after the transformation of Mou Zongsan so and so, these three concepts are also related to the Kant philosophy? Is there nothing to do with each other? The author thinks that the difference between Mou Zongsan and Kant's thought is not to cover up the essence of the contract.
First of all, the free will, Mou Zongsan and Kant, are the people who can have the free will to dominate. It is not only the promulgation of the moral law, but also the ultimate basis for the realization of moral behavior. The main difference between the two is that Kant made it clear that free will is the ultimate, and Mou Zongsan believed that free will should be the real thing; Kant just defined the free will as the characteristic of man, and Mou Zongsan regarded it as the ultimate noumenon. On the face of it, it seems that Mou Zongsan emphasized free will's existence, while Kant denied this; Mou Zongsan is to free will as the basis to construct the ontology theory, and Kant's critical philosophy is often considered to be the rejection of ontology. But in essence, we will find that Kant is not denying the fact that there is no free will, nor does it deny the rationality of human beings.
Although Kant on traditional ontology of relentless criticism that in all of his previous theory about ontology is nothing but the dogmatism of fantasy, but criticism of the traditional ontology theory doesn't mean rejection of itself, but also a way to be concerned about. Although Kant did not explicitly explore what is ontology, and ontology where the nature and characteristics of the problem, but deeply understand righteousness, will find that Kant's thing in itself plays the role of ontology. Because it is the root of the existence of things and the origin of human cognition.
And Kant has consistently affirmed their existence, he believes that the phenomenon itself indicates that the behind must have a as a foundation or a prototype of the existence of their own, otherwise the phenomenon will not to show. So, the free will in Kant's place and can represent the thing itself, that is a part of the object itself, so it should also have the real deposit, also can be the.
Although Kant acknowledged the existence of ontology, it is believed that the other side of human knowledge is that people can not access to their own understanding, and only by the practical ability of people to achieve their own. The so-called reached is that you cannot achieve the objective of foreign objects behind the thing in itself, but only to as thing in itself and cognition is not reached, but also the practice -- by the realization of freedom, that is, to get rid of external natural causality constraints and moral. This shows that Kant is not a practical ability to recognize human moral reasoning, or the possibility of real moral behavior in reality, although Kant believes that "how can it be free will be practical" is the human understanding can not answer. So both Kant's "set up" or "Mou Zongsan" "present", it is not to deny the existence of free will, but also to emphasize its self - self - control. However, Kant from the point of view of reasoning can not prove that it is set up, and Mou Zongsan from the perspective of the specific implementation of moral behavior can be described as a presentation. And regardless of Mou Zongsan's or Kant, do not deny that ontology of mankind's pursuit of rationality and are opposed to the cognitive way cost body, but claims to pursue an ontology in practice.
Secondly, on the wisdom of intuition, Kant's "wisdom of intuition" concept is to achieve the positive significance of the object itself and forced out. Because if there is no intuition to the corresponding object itself, the thing itself into a totally negative concept and there is excess, so Kant had to speculate that the original existence of a wise intuition. However, because the existence of the original existence of itself is that we can not understand more can not be confirmed, so Kant's intuition can not have too much to explain, can only have the most basic definition, that is not necessary to use the scope of its own, with a creative intuition. And Mou Zongsan's premise is that people can have the wisdom of intuition, so people naturally have the right to speak. So there is a kind of theory design of the two forms of creation. This design no matter how much Kant has gain, can not be said that Mou Zongsan's intuition and the wisdom of Kant, because in Mou Zongsan's theory, is always in strict accordance with the basic definition of the intuition of Kant's intuition to use this concept. Whether it is intellectual intuition, consciousness, or "feel it", it is not necessary to use the category, the corresponding is not a phenomenon but the thing itself, and are not in a passive, "object should be" to the cognitive of something, but the source, a kind of physical environment, that is, "God is God".
And Kant said people can not have intellectual intuition is entirely confined to the field of knowledge and draw the conclusion, in the field of moral practice, in fact, vaguely recognized people can have significance of Mou Zongsan intellectual intuition. Kant once said that the moral law is "pure reason", which can be directly presented in our consciousness, and people can realize their freedom by the moral law. This view is in essence a Confucian's inverse consciousness, namely, the intuition of the wisdom of Mou Zongsan. We know that Mou Zongsan often emphasizes the experience and the presentation, in order to meet Kant's understanding and design. In fact, Kant and he did not recognize the experience and the presentation, but the principle of the traditional epistemology of the West Kandy, absolutely not willing to recognize the experience, will be set up to show it. So we can say, Mou Tsung San and Kant are sure to heaven and earth with the consciousness of freedom, the moral principle of intuition and achievement of virtue, to create the value of practical ability, the only difference is that the MOU will return to the name of intellectual intuition, and therefore must have people who have intellectual intuition; and Kant excluded from the name of intellectual intuition, so deny people can have intellectual intuition.
Finally, on the subject itself, Kant recognized the fact that it has value, and Mou Zongsan has removed the former, directly to the object itself as "the concept of value means", he said: "but, we can imagine that it is the wisdom of the infinite mind, then it is not our understanding of the object of the original" concept is very obvious." ("Mr. Mou Zongsan," the twenty-first volume, seventh pages), is to say, because the thing itself is created by the wisdom of the infinite mind, the result is not "in fact", but "with the concept of value."
Questions about this a little academic circles still. The reason is that Mou Zongsan had in the intellectual intuition and Chinese philosophy had such two statements to a: "through and the distinction between Leibniz and to Iraq and the final explanation, we can know, 'thing in itself' (object in its own) a word meaning. At least we passively know so-called thing in itself is, 'for the subject no any relationship', and return to its own, that is, 'in its own.' "(" Mr. Mou Zong San's complete works, Vol. 20, No. 135 - 136 pages) expressed two: "we can so to think the object, namely according to in or not in the relationship between thinking, in a certain relationship, dubbed the phenomenon; not in a certain relationship, namely autologous, fine sounding name, object in its own." (151st pages of the same page) that is based on these two statements that, Mou Zongsan also admitted that there are as' the same as the original meaning of its own. He does not have any relationship with the subject "," not in a certain relationship, "the thing itself is the original", because the value means that the object itself is to have a relationship with the people, the value of its own is given by people. In fact, this is a misunderstanding. If we contact Mou Zongsan to say these two words of the context, it will understand that Mou Zongsan in the "statement of a" for the subject without any relationship, is the subject of the emotional. Because in the original text is not far from this text, there is a summary: the thing itself is not a thing of the relationship between the main body and the emotional body. "(ibid., P. 137)" express "mentioned in" not in a certain relationship "is also the case, because the original Naka Yang:" case: object in 'relationship' dubbed the phenomenon, so-called 'relationship' that is in the perceptual model and perceptual subject relationship, that appears to the perceptual subject. "(as above, 150H) is not difficult to understand the true meaning of the two representations if the contact context is visible. Mou Zongsan always stressed that the thing is not the thing itself, but the value of the meaning of the concept ". The value of the thing itself is not the subject of the human being, but given by the infinite heart. Therefore, the object itself is completely without any relationship to the perceptual subject, which is called "Mou Zongsan" in his own ", that is, the value of freedom, which is the value of the present and the value created.
Mou Zongsan denied the thing in itself is the fact that the concepts, as if a distortion of the intention of Kant, but in fact in Kant, as the fact that the concept of thing in itself only a dummy, does not have real meaning, only to prevent the arrogance of human rationality and limited. As a kind of value implies that itself is the real meaning of Kant, because of its practice in the area has made a great contribution, human dignity, freedom of religion Club thus standing. And two people. The different answers to the question of whether or not the thing itself, also does not constitute the absolute back to back, only uses the knowledge in different meaning. Kant's proposition is based on the theory of narrow sense, while Mou Zongsan's proposition is based on the general epistemology. (see Tao) in summary, Mou Zongsan to Kant's three concepts borrowed and conversion, not only used the same words in connotation and Kang Dequan not coherent monologues. He borrows Kant's concept of construction of this theoretical model is not the philosophy of Kant copy, is not simple misreading or arbitrary play, but a dark deed to the transformation and innovation of the inner spirit of the philosophy of Kant, the efforts of Mou Zongsan the fusion of Chinese and western philosophy is worthy of our respect and use for reference.
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