China's higher education management system
The management system of higher education and the higher education refers to the activities of the organization management system, including setting the membership of the organization structure of higher education, and mutual responsibility division. It embodies the responsibility, power and interest relationship between the central and local governments, universities, colleges and universities as well as the management units. The management system of higher education is a necessary part of the whole education system. The reform of higher education management is the key link of the reform of higher education [1]. The foreign research on the management system of higher education started early, put forward some valuable ideas and opinions, and our research is from the beginning of 1978, the theory system of higher education management system.
The development of China's higher education management system is the same as China's economic system reform. The management of higher education in China includes two levels: macro and micro. The macro management of higher education mainly studies the relationship between the three schools, the government and the society. In our discussion of the relationship between the government and universities, the basic idea is that the government as a manager, in the past too much control of the school, the need to devolve power to the school. Since the reform and opening up has several rounds of decentralization, however, decentralization does not solve the contradiction between government and universities fundamentally, some power such as professional settings right is a few few, that simply can not resolve the issue of decentralization. Here is a basic question about the philosophy of management, that is, the relationship between the government and the school for the simple managers and the managers. The micro management of higher education mainly studies the internal management of schools, and the allocation of administrative power and academic power is a key issue. In our country, the educational management system of "macro management of the government, the classification of running schools and the hierarchical management" has been implemented in china. With the development of economy, the progress of science and technology and the change of economic system, there are still some outstanding problems in the management system of higher education in our country. But the autonomy of the school can not be revealed.
Two, the United States, Singapore higher education management system
American higher education in the administrative system of the federal government to carry out macro-control, the state government is responsible for coordinating the guidance of local autonomy and supervision and management. The state government has a wide range of powers in the state's higher education, the state government through the exercise of this power, the state of the university management, teaching, finance and other aspects of the direct impact. Influence of American higher education not only by the authorities, non-governmental education organizations also have a profound influence on the example of some important monopoly consortium, trade unions, political parties or some evaluation institutions and national education professional associations, social participation is very high. American higher education management system has the following special: one is the indirect way of management, the government management on the implementation of macro-control and indirect regulation, to reflect the federal government's higher education management system, mainly through the legislative policy, the establishment of the project, to provide funds and information services; the two is independent of power diversification independent colleges and universities in the United States, have great autonomy and strong. The appointment of professors, recruitment of students, adjustment of professional, curriculum, financial expenditure, financing and other aspects are entirely determined by the school. Independent of this greatly aroused the enthusiasm of running universities, ensure that the university can respond flexibly according to the needs of society and environment change, promote diversity and vigorous development of higher education in the United States; three is the internal management of the democratization of American universities with traditional and democratic management mechanism. The school has various committees to participate in the management work, school level is the main administrative committee and professor of the Council, there are corresponding representative groups of interests and the interests of the student organization in the Department at all levels, they reflect the requirements of students to schools or groups, and to solve some specific problems with school contact and negotiation; the four is widespread, social participation in the United States to participate in the management of higher education is not only the government administrative departments of education, social media and voters of academic organizations and institutions, many of the identified will have a direct impact on the major weight decision.
As a developed country in Asia, Singapore has a lot to learn from the higher education management system. This paper mainly studies the management system of higher education in Singapore from three aspects: management authority, investment system and school running system. The implementation of centralized education management mode in singapore. Singapore National Education at all levels are represented by the national Ministry of education centralized and unified leadership and administration at all levels of education, relevant policies, contents, methods, rules and regulations and personnel and so on, are directly responsible for the Bureau, by the Ministry of education and the subordinate, the school has no right to intervene. The top management of Singapore education is the Ministry of education. In the investment system, the government has always been a high investment into multiple concerns. In recent years, the sources of funding for higher education in Singapore have shown a trend of diversification. One of the new trends in Singapore's fiscal policy is to focus on private investment in education funding. More and more people realize that it is not enough to rely on the government to face the high input and subsidy of education, which will make the students and teachers lack the sense of crisis, which leads to the decline of the quality of education. The system of higher education in Singapore, modeled in the colonial period, the British model, emphasizing autonomy, the implementation of an independent "closed" school. The school system is conducive to academic freedom, but at the same time there and the social and economic development and protection issues such as let things drift apart seriously. After the independence of Singapore, to solve these problems of higher education system reform, the government through economic and political two ways, gradually reverted to the national education authority. At present, the overall characteristics of Singapore's school system is to run the country, supplemented by [2].
Three, enlightenment
China and the United States and Singapore in culture, history, politics and traditional habits etc. there are great differences between the management system of higher education of the two countries also have their own unique style, but in higher education increasingly toward internationalization and globalization, are of great significance to the higher education management system between the two countries on China's higher education system reform. The school, the society and the government are the three basic elements of the higher education system, among which the higher education institutions are the main body of the higher education system and the first elements of the higher education system. Correctly handle the relationship between the three, establish and adapt to market economy, in line with the international higher education modernization of socialist higher education system, formed by the policy as a guide, with funding as a lever, plan and market as the auxiliary regulation mechanism; incentive mechanism to expand the autonomy of universities education as the main content and with equal competition; by law, supervision and evaluation for external impetus, in self perfect binding mechanism for the internal drive, is the future of the reform of higher education system and the development direction of our country [3].
From the comparison of the management system of higher education in the United States, Singapore and China, we get the following enlightenment:
(a) the government should implement the real decentralization of power
The management system of China's higher education experience tells us that the government use of various means of macro-control, can promote the diversification of higher education, and only diversified higher education to meet the diverse needs of society. In recent years, Singapore has also begun to shift from the government's management to multi focus. At present, the higher education in our country is transiting to the management system of "two levels of management and local management". Higher education management authority delegated to local, local to the establishment of a new management mechanism of higher education, while ensuring the local government macro control on higher education, give full play to the role of school autonomy, mobilize the enthusiasm of the school, encourage universities to do their own characteristics, the creation of a diversified system of running a school, to realize the power of real decentralization.
(two) the management system of colleges and universities in China should carry out democratic management
In the United States, colleges and universities have great autonomy, the reason, in addition to the traditional autonomy plays a role, a sound legal system is the United States, must act within the framework of the law in operation shall not exceed two moment; market mechanism is developed, some even fierce competition relationship between schools. The State Administration for higher education to the development of decentralized local direction, formed by the administrative department of the provincial higher education as the main body of the management system of higher education, most of the central management authority delegated to the province, which is beneficial to the provinces according to the policies of the central government and local conditions, government departments should play in higher education guidance and coordination effectively. The establishment of an open social management system in Colleges and universities. This management system is conducive to the development of university resources, make a timely and effective response to the social development of the market economy, but also conducive to the university to learn more democratic and scientific management of nutrition, to guarantee the independent and impartial exercise of reasonable power.
(three) China's colleges and universities should establish a flexible internal management mechanism
In our country, the internal management of colleges and universities is divided into three parts: administrative management and academic management division of labor is not clear, the lack of democratic management, college leaders are busy with the tedious administrative affairs, failed to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the majority of teachers to participate in school." The idea of "official standard" is unique in China, the United States and Singapore do not exist this phenomenon, which is a long time since our country's administrative power is greater than academic power. The university is the soul of academic freedom, the administrative power is too large inhibited the healthy development of colleges and universities, which is not conducive to their creativity, and excessively loose academic power will be achieved, improve the running efficiency and the damage to the University of the overall goal therefore, correctly handle the relationship between the two is very necessary. In addition, give full play to the enthusiasm of teachers to participate in school management. Democratic management school is the right of teaching staff. The professor is a big American Council will embody the democratization of our country, in the period of the Republic of China had truly hasimplemented the professor, this is the introduction of university president Cai Yuanpei, and later to the Tsinghua University and other universities, great success. Give full play to the enthusiasm of teachers' participation in school management, is conducive to centralized leader and rely on the masses of the wisdom and strength to accept supervision by the masses, but also conducive to staff training and improve their consciousness of democracy.
Reference
[1] Pan Maoyuan. The theory and policy of higher education massification in China [J]. higher education, 2002
[2] Liu Kun. Comparative study on the management system of higher education in China, Vietnam and Singapore [D]. Guangxi Teachers Education University, 2010, (6).
[3] Tong totada. Comparison and Enlightenment in the United States, higher education management system [J]. Journal of Changde Teachers College, 2000, (07).