The origin of higher education in Macao was established in 1594, the Western St. Paul's college. The Far East is the first institution of higher learning to become the scenery, to also in a hurry, because the king Tanjose of Portugal to expel the influence of the command of the Jesus will be the order of the.
St. Paul's college, though, has made a remarkable contribution to the integration of Chinese and Western cultures in the history, but failed to make the spirit of the University in Macao to complete the preservation of the. Jaspers once said, the university is a kind of method to realize the basic knowledge of human beings. [2]
History of St. Paul's College as a followed the European medieval tradition of higher education of university organization, naturally, there is a search for knowledge. However, the real reason for the establishment of St. Paul's College in Macao,, at least it can be said that the original intention is to focus on Japan's missionary activities, [3] this means that although Macao has the first Western University, but its purpose and content of the school is not consistent with the medieval birth. Why so? Because Macao as a micro area, has its own characteristics, and these characteristics also affect the political, economic, cultural, education and other aspects of Macao, so, in Macao, the university will have their own characteristics.
After the closure of St. Paul's College in Macao, it has experienced more than 200 years of silence, and finally in 1981, the establishment of the Dong A University and a precedent for the modern higher education in the region. However, the creation of the Dong A University is not the "accidental product" of Harold Perkin's "unique society", which has experienced a transition from private to public, and its development orientation has influenced the development of modern higher education in Macao.
A beginning, Dong A University and the Macao modern higher education
Historically, Macao has experienced a period of turmoil. Before the Opium War, Portugal used Macao to form a network of maritime trade, and to make a response to the world economy changing market environment, Macao is regarded as a special foreign trade port, coupled with the rise of civil society, Macao residents can be free trade, through the trade of goods, to earn huge profits [6], the overall economic development in a more prosperous stage. And after the Opium War, especially since the opening of Hong Kong in 1842, Macau port dwarfs, long-distance trade was also have natural harbor of Hong Kong replaced gradual decline. In this situation, Macau because of the lack of natural resources, heavy industry as the support, so had to rely on the development of some special industry, previously existing coolie trade, prostitution, gambling and opium trades and spread. While these are not a glorious industry, although the economy of Macao has improved, but did not make the government of Australia's government to add a lot of confidence. In the seventy or eighty's in twentieth Century, the government will focus on export oriented manufacturing (mainly textiles, clothing, toys, electronic products, etc.), while at the same time gradually increasing the pressure, to deal with the changing economic situation, which has an important task that is to develop modern public services and training corresponding personnel.
At the end of 1970s, China began to implement the reform and opening up policy, Macao saw the business opportunities. At that time Li Andao (Jos Garcia Martinho Eduardo Leandro) governor implemented a series of measures supporting the establishment of a modern service industry, including environmental planning, land expansion and utilization and development of urban cultural heritage and other specific content. Precisely in the key period of the turning, Macao Department of public works and government development consultant of the Hong Kong land engineer Huang Jingqiang, for land planning consultation, informed Dr. Huang et al in Hong Kong registered the Western Development Co., Ltd. (RicciIsland West intends to offer an educational institution, but have not been able to find a suitable location. And the end of the 70's Macao is the need to open a higher education institutions to meet the great development of the Australian government's plan. This seemingly accidental opportunity was instantly transformed opportunities for developing higher education in Macau, the two hit it off, the Macau Government in Taipa Island coastal mid group of the hundreds of thousands of square meters of land, the Western Development Co., Ltd. is responsible for the financing, on March 28, 1981, founded the University of East Asia.
A school ceremony on the same day, unprecedented. Representatives from the five continents more than 140 University, President of the international academic community, and the Macau government, business, culture, education important representative synthetic nearly two thousand people attended, Yan Hongru Shuo, gathered in a hall [8], as at that time the media reported that, "as if exposure to the academic achievements of the temple hall". University of East Asia was at the beginning of the long-term development vision to guide the student to seek the truth. One of the founders of the university professor Wu Yulin once said: "the school should possess the qualities of university. Although Macao is small, it has an international perspective, so that in the near future, when the University review past, we can find that we have been in a very short time, to achieve a real university should have the character of the university."
University in the beginning of the creation of the hired Hong Kong, the United Kingdom's academic experts as consultants, basically in accordance with the traditional preparation of Anglo Saxon, divided into five colleges: college undergraduate, college, public college, the graduate school and Continuing Education College (later renamed the Science Institute of Technology). Undergraduate college and a penny college, Academy of Social Sciences, College of business administration, teaching language is English, three years of schooling and each academic year is divided into three semesters, which all follow the British model. University of East Asia in 1981 mission is all inclusive, covering both the University's basic function, but also fully embodies the characteristics of Macau's own, self for the educational philosophy lead the development of teaching and learning. The founder of Dong A University has always held a strong belief:
"It is because Macao is very small, so the Dong A University should have a more broad mind, to attract in addition to the East Asia region, in addition to Macao, and even other countries in the world, the outstanding students, and such a university should reflect the Macao multi language, multi culture and social characteristics." As the articles of association of the University of East Asia, said: "to establish the friendly relations of cooperation with universities in Asia and other regions of the world", "in the academic staff and students cultivate the international consciousness. Of course, University of East Asia grand target in a certain extent by length of schooling, tuition, language words, entry level and the actual situation, college students mainly concentrated in Hong Kong, 1985-1987, also recruited a large number of mainland students. On the contrary, the places of Macao, Hong Kong and other countries despite the increase in, but in contrast, or slightly less than. And the University in a large extent, also need to think about the operating efficiency and sustainable survival topics. Dr. Huang Jingqiang for the school has such a description: "management of a school, you have to learn to engage in economic, how to balance the requirements of teaching and financial constraints, is the biggest problem. And the school also can not leave politics. Because of the complexity of running a school, we have also increased our knowledge, and have a higher level of vision."
So East Asia University to make ends meet in the situation, through the study of students school and public school enrollment efforts to strengthen eased, in 1986-1987, Graduate School (mainly recruit MBA) and public school enrolled a total of 5083 students. When the college was five times as much.
It is because of the complexity of the process, the University of East Asia is not a simple life in the ivory tower, "it will be a Macau Taipa Island on a significant landmark, life in the era of the East Asian university students not only to the provision of public services, and after graduation, will also be in business, government, education, finance, accounting and language studies realize one's ambition", and in the subject area, East Asia University in 1984 by resource constraints, can only involve humanities and social disciplines within a small range of courses.
As the intersection of multi culture, Chinese, English, Portuguese, Japanese, French language and literature is the focus of learning. In the first few years, 4/5's students chose the business administration curriculum, the growing pressure to force the humanities, social areas of resources are cut, but the principal firmly opposed, he believes that a university should maintain the balance of development, and to find opportunities to expand new areas, not only for the immediate and to focus on the future to seek benefits. It can be said that any university in the beginning of the establishment of the hard are unable to speak, especially in Macao such a lonely island, Dong A University, the overcome many of the limitations of natural conditions and social factors, difficult to write a new chapter in modern higher education in Macao.
Two, political game and academic autonomy: confusion of the transition period of Dong A University
In 1987, the Sino Portuguese joint declaration sign marks Macao began entering a transitional period, the need for Macao people administer Macao talent cultivation of "three" (in Chinese, language, legal localization, localization of the civil service). In order to achieve such an urgent goal, the Australian government decided to acquire the Dong A University through the reorganization of the independent operation of the Macao foundation. Explain as at the time of the Portuguese governor the rite of Carlos Montez Melancia: "in order to ensure a variety of conditions, the (University of East Asia in transition period and later period in the fields of teaching and scientific research, especially in the field of legal research, and other and civil service training is off the field for Macau serve the interests of...... Dong A University is a fact. History will not forgive us if we don't make a sensible plan to guarantee its future."
December 19, 1987, the Australian government and the founder of the Dong A University signed an agreement to acquire 130000000 private Dong A University.
In February 1988, the Macao foundation announced the prospectus, the formal establishment of the trust Committee, the Executive Committee, the Advisory Committee and the board of supervisors, the full reception Dong A University property and management and financial.
Of course, the Australian government in the process of the transformation of the Dong A University, on the one hand, the practice of localization of the development goals, on the other hand, also want to leave the language and culture of portugal. Early in October 1987, the Portuguese President Luis Suarez Lady Mary visit Macau, once to understand Portuguese Macau people too little and expressed surprise, in the hope that after the return of Macao to China still retain Portuguese culture.
Macau foundation, Jorge Rangel, chairman of the Executive Committee of Li Zuzhi speech also said: "the Portuguese in Macao can leave the most outstanding heirloom speak in a Portuguese Research Center at the University of East Asia, it should be is a university established in accordance with the modern mode. This university will be the distribution point of knowledge, and it is the bridge of the East and West. For many years, I have been advocating the establishment of the east of Portugal and Dong A University...... This institution (University of East Asia) dedicated communication Portuguese cultural values, promote Portuguese culture with those with Portuguese multiple century maintain cultural relations or only commercial and coexistence between nations of the East cultural dialogue, study of Macau and the Portuguese residents of cultural, political and economic problems. "
Governor of Macao and East Asia University Chancellor of the ritual clarify the University in the future development direction of time on stressed "the Portuguese in a century ago (1865) has the ability to construction of the first lighthouse on the South China coast, and coastal navigation service, they must have the ability to in the 20th century, East Asia big switch for a 21st century cultural lighthouse. However, is not the purpose of the Portuguese Macao government merely spread the Portuguese culture, it is more hope University of East Asia to English as the medium of instruction in the form of torsion and hope" to Professor Portuguese or Portuguese academic participation of more new curriculum to launch ", the Portuguese culture after regression can rooted in the land of Macau. As Ren East Asia University President, he came to New Brunswick Canada professor believes that the Portuguese will by virtue of college education is to train the people of Macao in the feelings of Portuguese attachment, and in front of the transition period to Macao for a Portuguese cultural, political and economic impact of the base.
Australian government in order to achieve the purpose of cultural penetration through the Dong A University, to take a series of concrete measures. First of all, to Macau foundation will Internal Committees substitution in East Asia University Council, Council, the Academic Council, board of supervisors and the exercise of the functions of the governance and the University of East Asia original do people and only the president attended the foundation meeting of the committee, but does not have voting rights. Although the Macao foundation, which took over the Dong A University, claimed to be responsible for the administration and financial management, the school still has its own autonomy, but the academic power of administrative and financial support has become a paper talk. Such as during the transformation of the University Law and administrative course enrollment by the Macau government law and Public Administration Programme Office responsible, there is no consultation with the school, the incumbent president Professor He came to New Brunswick Canada unexpectedly the milli - have no knowledge.
In addition, the president has no right to participate in the discussion of any meeting of the trust Committee of the foundation, the loss of power in the direction of academic development in the Dong A University.
Secondly, to study as the carrier, to University of East Asia, sending a large number of Portuguese professional teachers, to carry out extensive contacts with the Portuguese academic institutions. "By joining international association of Portuguese universities and other academic and teaching group, strengthen exchanges with other universities and academic institutions. Within this range, to carry out the United Nations University, Portuguese Association for research, funds and other Portuguese institutions of cooperation, these institutions to the Macau dispatch qualified teachers to assist University, East Asian research work. Portuguese Association for research is also preparing to set up a center at the University of East Asia, local technicians can be in under the guidance of the Portuguese professionals in the center engaged in research work. "
Finally, change the original Dong A University English system, establish the system for the Portuguese education system. Through the restructuring of the academic unit, the original system (College) to change the subject for the basis of the system (faculty), the system became four years.
The Portuguese legal courses into the discipline planning, also have Bachelor of Portuguese public administration. But opened in East Asia University Law Courses in Portuguese teaching, mainly to recruit Portuguese or foreign students mainly, local students to attend, and need to learn Portuguese in Portugal, and in Portugal, the local l read law courses, a waste of government resources.
Thereafter, the establishment of a separate school of Portuguese, which is "a shoulder to Portugal's linguistic, cultural, social and historical research and teaching of academic units" [28], at the beginning of the 90s of the 20th century, Portuguese college has three undergraduate courses, a master class, a research center, there are nearly 200 students. These constitute the first structure of the university after the transformation. The Macau foundation during the transformation of the University, but also actively promote the policy of fostering talents for the transition period. But at the same time that "strengthen personnel training programs and activities should be as Portugal and Western cultural heritages in 1999 after continue to exist...... Portuguese College offers courses is the highest achievements, the most worthy of respect ". From a certain point of view, the Macao Portuguese government in university has actively pursued the policy of localization of is a makeover of the Portuguese" Macao people governing Macao ", rather than real" Macao people governing Macao ".
The Australian government's governance and the violation of academic autonomy has not stopped the pace of progress in the process of learning by Dong A University. Portuguese in up to four hundred years of time, has been neglected in Macau education governance, in just 12 years of the transition period, want to in Macau is rooted in Portuguese culture is clearly not up to the preset.
In February 1988, the president of Dong A University professor Lin Daguang weakened resigned academic power and stay out of dissatisfaction, the personal interests of the first half of the period, "Dong A University actively seek an independent management right of ownership, the establishment of an independent study of Macao academic institutions, and establish the Academic Committee on campus, democratic management" [30]. Australia the Portuguese government in the implementation of the Department of Dong A University, four years of teaching system and other systems are largely in line with the needs of the development of the University as an academic institution itself, the only difference is: the development of the Portuguese language and culture is necessary, but should be regarded as the cultural exchange and discipline to treat, rather than a Portuguese people "Macao" tool. So to the Portuguese as language teaching mode in the 90s of the 20th century late didn't get further promotion, and Chinese Public Administration degree programs also arranged according to the need; Portuguese college also due to the intersection of the range of courses and other disciplines is incorporated into the school of Humanities and Social Sciences become to Portuguese language and literature as the main direction of development of subject. Even so, there are some gaps in the course of natural science, humanities and Social Sciences, Dong A University, the urgent need to consider the development of the discipline of the law. "A true university must fulfill the basic task of seeking truth, and should not be attached to any political or economic power, and therefore it is necessary to have sufficient management autonomy."
If it is to serve the interests of the Dong A University, then it must be in the interests of the Macao region, rather than to meet the interests of the Portuguese government. Ninety-seven percent of the population of Macao is the Chinese, the Portuguese government administration is only a historical legacy of the status quo, Dong A University should be for the future of Macao and not for its past efforts.
Three, adaptation and promotion: the diversified development of higher education in Macao
After nearly three years of transition, the Dong A University has no doubt assume responsibility for the development of local administrative and economic personnel in Macao's regression. By the end of 1990, public university of East Asia has in accordance with the new academic system, greatly adjusted academic organization unit, set up a new college of Education - for the training of the majority of Macao schools and preschool teachers and the establishment; Institute of science and technology, Macau industrial cultivation of engineering and technical personnel; Portuguese school, professional direction for the Portuguese literature, language, social and historical; translation center, legal courses, public administration courses. The setting up of the above and the original text of the College of business administration, College of Social Sciences, Institute of science and engineering and the three kinds of preparatory courses together constitute the academic structure of the late Dong A University. [33]
In order to meet the needs of the transition period, the Dong A University has provided a series of diversified courses that can meet the needs of the local district personnel training urgently need to increase the number of courses before the transformation. In particular, let the government, University and society praise is, University of East Asia in the tenth anniversary (March 1991) the number of full time students has been a substantial increase, Macau local students accounted for about 80%, 27.3% (March 1986) of the fifth anniversary of the anniversary of the more nearly two times (1), can achieve the goal of fostering talents for Macau local.
In September 1991, after the first higher education program in Macao, the Institute of science and engineering, from Dong A University, established the Macao Institute of science and technology, according to the law of 49/91/M, set up the University of Macao, will be transferred to the University of Macao in addition to the, Dong A University, Dong A University, the right of the right people to go to Macao university.
The former did not turn into the public school of East Asia, Macao, and the Portuguese National Open University in 1992 merged into the Asian (Macao) International Open University in. Since then, the Dong A University, a three, completed the "East Asia" named the academic development mission, in Macao, the local high teaching method, into a new stage of development. In the first part of the higher education program, "public higher education is a public legal person, and it is entitled to formulate regulations as well as academic, teaching, administrative and financial autonomy."
University of Macau and Macau Science Institute in 1992 draft constitution stipulated that, but the articles of association of the two universities in order to ensure the administrative, academic and financial autonomy at the same time, in organizational structure (Univer-sity organs) Regulations on set the Macao governor for high schools chancellor (Chancellor), and enjoy the appointment and removal of the school principal, vice president, secretary general and presided over the school board's authority [36], which in essence provides the government's right to direct control of the University.
In March 31, 1993, "the basic law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the people's Republic of China" (hereinafter referred to as "the basic law") was considered by the National People's Congress and implemented since December 20, 1999. "The basic law" clearly provides that "the government of the Macao Special Administrative Region shall formulate its own policies, including the education system and management, the teaching language, the allocation of funds, the examination system, the recognition of academic qualifications and the degree and other policies to promote the development of education."
"Macao", a high degree of autonomy in the "basic law" in the specific embodiment, the Portuguese government of Macao university development strategy also started to have the obvious change, such as governor Wedgeley that "long-term close contact with society, and human resources training needs, and meet the needs of those who want to enhance their learning in the want to get people in need of practical value and the qualification in the professional activities, is the essence of Macao University, and Macao University", "dedicated to promoting the learners and teachers in the academic and scientific exchange activities to work, through the exchange of information, knowledge and ideas, make Macao contact with the world, play a unique Macao the personality, standing in the world", Macao University of Forestry University in the middle of 90 has been built began to establish an international university goal. With the Macao University, Macao Institute of science and technology to undertake the task and mission are different, the Australian government is mainly to the physical and Engineering Institute of Macao local services and to strengthen the contact with the Portuguese higher education. "Of Macao Polytechnic Institute Institute in 1993 accepted as the members of the international organization of the Portuguese university, and actively participate in the Portuguese Institute of University of industry and trade of the Coordinating Committee work... Macao is one of the highest economic growth areas in the world today. In addition to the technical, professional, industrial, commercial and service and the world are closely linked, but also in the transition period of the specific and dedicated to the public administration to train high quality personnel."
Undoubtedly, the Macao Portuguese government to the establishment of the Institute as a two-tier system of Portuguese higher education in Macau transplanted the initiative, the better service to a new window of the government and the society. In addition, Macao has formed a higher education personnel training framework in the early 1990s, and has adapted to the requirements of the transition period for the cultivation of talents in Macao.
After the initial formation of the overall framework of higher education in Macao, the development of each university has gradually entered the stage of improvement. Taking Macao University as an example, first of all, it strengthens the cultivation of the graduate students. Before 1993, the University of Macao, only 1 professional master degree programs in business administration.
1994 Macau promulgated 15/94/M decree, the law provisions of the master's and doctoral degrees at the University of Macau, the fifth anniversary of the until the University of Macau (1996) celebration of has in the field of business administration, public administration, law, electrical and electronic, civil engineering and computer software set a total of 22 master's degree programs [40], and launched plans for a doctoral program in 1995, 1997 set as "Dr. years of University of Macau, the full development of doctoral programs in literature, economics, education, engineering, business and other fields. Secondly, actively carry out scientific research work.
In the early days of Dong A University, research work has been in a fragmented, spontaneous phase, while the Macao University in the development of teaching and scientific research in the two center of the process, the beginning of the system organization and implementation of scientific research work, one is to encourage teachers to participate in local and international academic exchanges, to develop a master's degree program; two is a priority research topics, and organize personnel reporting. Such as Chinese English computer aided translation system, Macao power saving and sewage treatment etc.. At the same time, to carry out cooperation with universities and research institutions outside the region, to expand the depth and breadth of research.
The Australian government to another public school - Macao Institute of technology is also very clear. "Academic efforts to develop is to contribute to the sublimation, beyond the academic program of simple teaching, and in fact, we have not reached this stage. 'there is' primary, first of all to accepting training, before it can be in the higher and deeper knowledge in soar. "
Macao Polytechnic Institute (Institute of technology is committed to in the field of computer, translation, hotel management, tourism, social workers, business, sports, and Visual Arts in close cooperation with Macau's demand, making the vocational training courses suitable for the needs of society, "the school's curriculum and education in Portugal are recognized" 1993 years, with the rapid development of the Macau gaming industry, governor of Macau Viera signed the 48/93/M decree, the Macao Polytechnic Institute (Institute of hotel management and tourism courses transferred to Tourism College Preparatory Committee established, and in 1995 established Macau in four public higher education machine structure, Institute for tourism studies of Macau. Since then, the Australian government has accepted a number of private institutions and the church moved that Macao is an open and promising city, as in sixteenth Century Jesus will open the St. Paul's college, the need for private higher education institutions to balance development. So on August 12, 1996, Macao Portuguese government approved at the Catholic University of Higher Education Fund under the supervision of the establishment of the Macau inter University Institute.
In November 16, 1999, and based in the original Jinghu nurse midwifery school on the establishment of the Macao Jinghu College of nursing. By the return of the December 20, 1999, it has gradually formed a diversified pattern of running schools, which is mainly based on the public and private. Higher education in Macao is also in the atmosphere of adaptation and improvement, and continues to expand and expand, become in the very historical moment to assume the responsibility of [45].
Four.
Higher education is a wonderful flower, need each participant's careful care and nurturing. Macao modern higher education is under the special environment and become pregnant bud, dainty and cute and dazzling. The understanding of higher education is due to the medieval university, "for the purpose of seeking the truth, they live in groups...... People can seek the truth without any limits and are the truth of the truth. [46]. but the state and society have a realistic expectation of the University, and history has told people that university is not only for its own sake, but it is "from the external world" [47]..
The origin of higher education in Macao can be traced back to St. Paul's College in sixteenth Century, but it was not until the founding of the Dong A University opened the first of the modern higher education in Macao. University of East Asia since birth day take task of cultural exchanges between the East and the west, and thus for the mission to encourage students to explore the truth. Macao, however, is a micro area, and it is a society that can be described in many ways, and higher education needs to pay attention to any minor changes, and to be responsible for the results of rapid production. Therefore, from birth to the birth of the Dong A University, and then to the back of the multiple development of higher education, all the things can not be separated from the political, economic and cultural impact, especially in the transition period of such a critical period, the balance of the political game, making the need for the development of local training in Macao important mission. It should be said that the mission of higher education in Macao is beyond doubt, but it must rely on a special spirit, which is the spirit of autonomy and academic freedom. The so-called academic "excellent" is just within the range of function makes the government or social institutions satisfaction only, at the same time, of the University of "attachment" value orientation is the motive force of the social development of Macau, once this kind of value orientation become the core value of the higher education in Macau, is bound to lead to the relativism of truth and value. In addition, the Macao market is very small, if only in the Macao area to think about the issue of personnel training and scientific services, then a few years any discipline will appear saturated phenomenon. Therefore, in the first part of twenty-first Century, Macao should consider the value orientation of the development of the University, that is, the university should take the pure academic development as the leading and the effective premise to promote the social function, thus promoting the sustainable development of higher education in Macao.
Reference
[1] Dominguez Mauricio Gomez Dos Santos. Macao: [M]. Sun Chengao, the first Western University in the far east. Macao: Macao foundation, 1994:56.
[2][47] Karl Jaspers. The idea of the University [M]. Qiu Libo, translation. Shanghai: Shanghai people's publishing house, 2007:21,20.
[3] Li Xiang. Cradle of Macao - St. Paul's college research [M]. Beijing Sinology home: China Publishing House, 2006:21.
[4] Burton R Clark. Higher education --- multidisciplinary research [M]. Wang Chengxu, translation. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Press, 2001:27.