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The historical changes of the meaning of the ancient hermit

时间:2015-11-01 来源:未知 编辑:梦想论文 阅读:

Literati seclusion phenomenon and thus formed the recluse culture, was considered a big speciality of ancient Chinese society is an important component of traditional culture. Republic of China scholars Xingde Jiang in the preamble to the cousin Jiang Xing Yu the hermit of China and Chinese culture, "a book that hermit is" the specialty of Chinese society "(see Jiang Xing Yu the hermit of China and the Chinese culture", Shanghai People's press, 2009 edition, page 3). Liang Shuming pointed out: "China hermits and the Chinese culture is very...... We take it to fourteenth characteristics, and the study of." See Liang Shuming "Chinese cultural essence", Shanghai people's publishing house, 2005 edition.

 

In recent years, with the news media of Shaanxi Zhongnanshan along the phenomenon of reclusive continuous coverage, the recluse culture once again become a focus of social concern. Zhongnanshan not only "hermit" numerous and various types: them both in the years in seclusion painter, ascetics, some temporary seclusion, after a number of years and into the bustling city, and go to work from Monday to Friday, weekend to select here in seclusion [1].

 

However, people in the discussion of the ancient hermit and the end of the Nanshan hermit similarity, continuity, and did not pay attention to the differences between them --- if the ancient hermit concept to do a comb, and with contemporary hermit, we will find that the two are different, different. Therefore, to find out the meaning of the ancient hermit, it is helpful to understand the culture itself, but also conducive to a comprehensive study of the unique seclusion of the south mountain.

 

The concept of the hermit in ancient times

 

The hermitage of ancient society long-standing phenomenon. Apart from the "Zhuangzi" and other works of fiction legend era of hermit alone, at the latest in the Shang Dynasty appeared messenger hermit, such as feigned madness as a slave, the reclusive country Jizi. "Analects of Confucius" and other classics not only mentioned Jizi and him on a par with Bigan was martyred in the late Shang, called with the Shang Dynasty "Sanren": "to neutrino, Jizi bondage and remonstrated with him and died. Confucius said: 'there is Yin Yan Sanren.'" [2]

 

Another example of the poor, but never sway Boyi and Shuqi brothers in the coast of the East China Sea, Weishui shore seclusion Jiang Taigong etc. (Jiang Taigong twice seclusion is provable literature. "Ji Qi Taigong familyquot" said: "Lv Shang retired, hidden beach." Is the first time to live in seclusion. "Chankuots'e" reporter: "three Qin, Chen Wen Wen also met at the beginning of Lv Shangzhi, as a fisherman while fishing in Weiyang Lake ear." Is the second time to live in seclusion), is an example of early hermit.

 

Indeed, the Hermitage has become a common social behavior, and thus caused by philosophers discussed, is the spring and Autumn period. Moreover, the rise of the scholar class, independent of this period, only in this stage or after the hermit to have the identity of the "scholar". Therefore, the so-called "Scholar" in ancient times, is not a "Scholar" of the meaning of the adult male, warrior or junior noble, but with a certain cultural quality, a considerable knowledge of the people. They belong to one of the sub strata of ancient times, or to be a special group. On this point, "book of Nan - Manhattan biography" has a very good definition: "(hermit) with Zhen Yang Su, the art industry. Otherwise, with the woodcutters in the mountain, where they don't?" [3]

 

Hermit "hidden"? It has a specific meaning in ancient times. It is a concept with "out", "official" relatively, "book of changes copulative" said: "gentleman, or, or, or silent or language." "Meng Zi" also said: "can be located, can be Shi and shi." Both of the "out" and "Shi" are comparatively speaking, which is roughly equivalent to "no official". Then, the scholar officials are not known as "the", which is the norm of the formation of the scholar stratum. The spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period historical changes and social stratification, the Shang and Zhou Shi Qing Shi Lu system has been broken, originally was monopolized by the aristocrats of the official to the society from all walks of life opens the door, so scholars have accession to the WTO in politics. Since then, scholars consciously unconsciously will "Chushi" as the best way to realize the ideal self where Confucian on this special emphasis that "Chushi" but scholars necessary duties, "the Analects of Confucius Zi Zhang, said:" a good scholar will make an official. " "The Analects of Confucius" Wei Ling said: "learning, in which lu."

 

"There is a dialogue, under the" Mencius Teng Wengong, can also be seen this week: the pursuit of Xiao asked: "the old gentleman"?" Meng Zi said: "shi. "Biography" said: 'Confucius no king in March, as also weirdly, Xinjiang will be loaded.' Gongming instrument said: 'the ancient people in March, the king, the hanging " "In March, no gentleman is suspended, not in a hurry?" Said: "the gentleman who also lost, the loss of state leaders of judah." [2]

 
Since then, the "Shi" and "official" is closely related to, "Shi Shi, still the farmer tillage", learning to live a Yue Shi ". Have the ability, organic will Chushi but for some reason not Shi, known as" hidden ". As for the length of time hidden, there is no absolute definition can first official after the hidden, hidden after Shi, even the first official implicit to Shi. But there is a clear, namely whether seclusion length of time, the hermitage of scholars in this stage and the official missed, or even entirely different.

 

The identity of the hermit, to the Qin and Han Dynasties is still so. His deeds is a good evidence. Living in the era of Emperor Wu of Han Shuo's early years has a strong sense of fame and actively enter the official, do not hesitate to brag about educated, omniscient. Although his later was promoted to the official, but always not to be reused, thus being around people laugh at. To hide the embarrassment and loss of the heart, with "hidden" to justify his: "such as moon, called in the court who also masquerade. The ancient people in the mountains, but the masquerade." Said: "the palace can masquerade the body, why the mountains, Sophia Lu under."

 

However, Dongfang Shuo self comforting words and deeds and didn't get recognition from others, because he said the masquerade, retirement can not be established, the official in North Korea while claiming to be a hermit isn't it contradictory? So Yang Xiong Shuo's fierce criticism: "gentleman called disrespectful behavior."

 

As for the late Eastern Han Dynasty appeared a fame of false hermit, is held in contempt by the people: "act the role ofing false pity pseudo, Kuang Shi Yao, quit fine that giant, and finally to move."

 

Visible, first appeared in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the hermit concept shaping stage, and government are relatively hermit. They belong to a special group of ancient literati class, itself has the certain cultural accomplishment, had the opportunity or the condition of being an official, but because of various reasons chose not Shi or temporarily not Shi.

 

Two, the historical changes of the meaning of the Hermit

 

The hermit is mentioned, scholars especially Confucianism emphasizes concept formation under the background of government. However, the connotation of the hermit is not static, and after the Qin and Han Dynasties because of the specific circumstances of the changes and constantly changing. In general, the implicit and the official is relatively speaking, but the original kind of hidden, the insulation between the officials in the Qin and Han Dynasties gradually fade.

 

During the period of the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties was thought to be the golden age of ancient recluse culture, not only because the this stage hermit type diversity, and seclusion form increasingly complex. An outstanding performance is that people began to blur the distinction, the official hidden naturally or half unconsciously. If someone questioned Shan Tao Shan Tao: "I understand," non official, non hidden hidden." [7]

 

Visible, "I also Li Shan Tao also hidden". Similar Shan Tao, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties Bibi visible. Because of Zhou Xuzhi seclusion in Mount Lu, often went to court, someone asked him:

 

"As the community practice, Wang Ting, why?" He replied: "Xinchiweique, the arena for the shackles; fantastic two forget, Chao also ear hole." [8]

 

Deng Can, Shi, also hidden among jump: "hidden for the road, towards the city can be hidden, can be hidden. Hidden in me, not in the thing." [7]

 

Consciously fuzzy Shi, hidden behavior, in the group of scholars not only see and recognized by the people, "baopuzi, release lag" said: "the ancients purposes and Kuang Shi, repair Yu Zhaoyin, cover spare capacity so also. Why do people built in the mountains, waste matter, and then is?" Jin Wang Kang Ju "anti" a hermit poetry and even wrote: "small faint Ling sou, hermit in city." Open will be hidden in the "city" in seclusion and is of great saphenous. Encountered this situation with the Western Han Dongfang Shuo critically compared, difference between.

 

The emergence of these changes, of course, is a multi - side. First, the metaphysics of Wei and Jin Dynasties, some scholars anti Confucian "the government in its place in the opposite direction, in its place and charge:" no officer anchoret, doing things without the heart of everything. " [7]

 

Second, during the period of the Wei, Jin and the northern and Southern dynasties dynasty frequently change, the darkness of society, if like Ji Kang as "no way is hidden", openly to official and not against the world chaos, frequently will have a fatal disaster, "in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the world so much and the celebrities were few full." [7]

 

It is simply an official, and the body to attempt nothing and accomplish nothing. Third, do not rule out a partial recluse in order to survive, "also officials hidden", because of chaotic Chinese people make a living is not easy, Chushi can at least assurance enough to live comfortably. In short, the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties also officials hidden phenomenon with specific thoughts, social background and scholar in material life, avoid chaos between body and spirit of independence and a compromise and compromise. Ancient scholars in this dilemma, Li Zehou has vividly summarized as "Contradictory Duality": "is not only concerned with politics, enthusiasm (Zhong) career and had to withdraw and avoid it such a contradictory duality." [9]

 
Because of the contradiction, Wei, Jin, and southern and Northern Dynasties, seemingly calm "officials", in fact, full of anguish, and helpless, depressed. Also because of this, even if the "officials" is regarded as the hermitage, the realm of far less Tao Yuanming "for a handout," completely exit, and Sonoda, carefree and leisurely see Nanshan that come true, clear and natural. So Tao Yuanming is more respected, is known as "the ancient hermit poets sect. In Sui and Tang Dynasties, natural and unrestrained and depressed miscellaneous wrong hermits experience fibrillation. During this period, the Chinese feudal society to heyday, scholars free space far than of the Wei, Jin, northern and Southern Dynasties, many scholars continue to edge Shi side hidden life pursuit, and in the Wei and Jin dynasties also officials based on implicit clearly put forward the concept of hermit. And compared with the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties hermit understanding more in-depth, such as the poet Bai Juyi on the basis of original saphenous and small saphenous presents great saphenous, hidden, small saphenous three levels, hidden, "great saphenous lived towards the city, the small hidden in hill fan. Qiu fan too cold, too loud clamor towards the city. As for hidden, hidden in victoria." Because of the implicit in North Korea, there is no world of their own, very difficult to have a hermit music; hidden in the mountains or countryside, hard to avoid the sufferings of cold and hunger, so the best choice for nothing better than "hidden in general" two birds with one stone: "planning and force and free of hunger and cold. Do not have the business, with the monthly pension money. Junruo good boarding, south of akiyama. If you love wandering, East Spring garden." [10]

 

Admittedly, Sui and Tang Dynasties hermit community also in ancient times that of pure small hidden, but far less Liyin popular that Liyin into the Tang dynasty literati often singing objects. "Du Fu Dong Jin Wei Feng send photo Langzhong state recorded:" smell "said Jiangshan, author and pity Jun. Pet go far pan, kebek wine frequency tim." "With Wu Yun Liu Jianchang river rafting as the main book":

 

"My friend from the author, and there was no light. How is Ming Kum Xia, Xiao Lu floating qingchuan." "Bai Juyi County West Pavilion chant:" I "is non Mo sent for, must be taught as heart collectors implicif." Han Hong Li Shao Fu ":" Wuling post "small mountain spring, when the author gongsun. Chuge rush late drunk, pretty words into poetry." Known by the cited various poems "Langzhou clerk", "registrar", "County West", "Shaofu" Guanming or place names, the scholars in the Tang Dynasty has the Wei and Jin dynasties have different, they are more likely to small local official Liyin, rather than imperial court, local also officials. At the same time, author is no longer the people have no alternative against one's will act, but the active choice. To repair the number of houses, a pavilion in the downtown, public service and enthusiasts who enjoy drinking, harps, lyres, and poetry and "Yi" fun, they never bored with things. Therefore, the author value factors of Sui and Tang yi.

 

Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Ming and Qing Dynasties, hermit ethos is still quite popular, poet Su Shi said: "ancient gentleman, do not have official, don't have official. Will be an official will forget their body, will not forget their king." [11] he praised the "no official, without official", namely between Shi, implicit author. Su Dongpo thought that this "open door and Chushi, steps towards the city, behind closed doors and hermitage," under the pitch forest life, the most comfortable. However, this time also has another trend, that is, people began to cross the Shi, the intermediate zone between the official and not "official" is equal to "hidden", Cheng Ju, the Song Dynasty, the northern small set "Volume 33" Cheng Feng Lang retired Yang Jun Ming Tomb "cloud:" Chou Yan has Wujun, or official, or not Shi, all the hermit. " Sui and Tang dynasties also dubbed official words in the hidden, now almost no both directly, that "Shi", "Shi" is hidden. This view reflects the further generalization of the concept of a hermit.

 

In summary, although the presence on the premise of scholar official in the ancient "hidden" concept, but from the Wei and Jin Dynasties began the distinction between official and hidden barriers is gradually being broken, the identity of hermit is fading. People value the inner, the spirit of the heart, but not the body.

 

Three, the modern transformation of the Nanshan and the Hermit

 

If according to the standard of ancient times, the modern society is obviously not a hermit in the real sense. On the one hand, the feudal autocracy has disintegrated, reading people in "official" as the standard of social soil does not exist. On the other hand, with the development of productivity and the progress of industrial civilization, the social division of labor is becoming more and more detailed, and the study can be divided into different types, which have the traditional sense of culture, and also a technical type of intellectuals.

In a word, he is no longer the main way for the realization of personal value.

 

However, many people are still used to use the term to describe the hermit, such as the end of the Nanshan hermit. So, what is the difference between the modern hermit and the ancient hermit represented by the end of the hill? It is necessary to examine the identity of the modern hermit.

 

The first need to point out that, not in recent years, people have begun to pay attention to the end of the Nanshan culture. As early as 20 years ago, the end of the Nanshan phenomenon has aroused the attention of the outside world. Starting from the end of the eighties of the 20th century, American Sinologist bill porter to the northwest of China do several times to find hidden brigade, and the orchid: searching for modern Chinese hermit, "a book written. Through on-site interviews, he recorded the to contemporary hermit Zhongnanshan based group, "personally visited the seclusion in Zhongnanshan, modern Chinese hermit, leads to the Chinese hermit culture and tradition of the emergence and development of history." [12]

 

The purpose of the author's long journey, at first wanted to find out whether there is a phenomenon of modern China, when some people told me that China is not only a practice, the hermit tradition is no longer exists, I decided to go to get a clear understanding of. Before long, I found that the hermit tradition was not only good, but also a part of the Chinese community, and I think it must be introduced to the West." From this passage, we can see that the understanding of the Chinese people and Bill Porter is obviously different, the Chinese people think that the traditional hermit "no longer exists", and Bill Porter think "very good". A hermit in the context of Western mainly refers to the yogi, such as France, an American scholar of the Hermit: A Perspective of the lonely, "a book is discussed in the hermit, is the main religious practitioners, including the Egyptian desert, Russian forest, wilderness in India alone hidden repair." the world of monasticism, Zhongnan for crown ", Bill Porter come into contact with the religious, and that traditional Chinese Seclusion" of good is not surprising, then, that. In ancient China, such as the former, the hermit mainly refers to the traditional scholars who lived in seclusion, their identity is a scholar or scholar, this kind of person with the end of the feudal society and disappear.

 

However, even if the Chinese and Western hermit concept is different, for bill Porter of the judgment, the people to some extent and is recognized, so the orchid: searching for modern Chinese hermit, "a book since 2001 translation into Chinese has aroused strong repercussions republished. It shows that Chinese and Western differences did not affect the resonance between Bill Porter and the Chinese people. One reason, we think there are two factors: first, since the implicit is a historical concept, since the ancient times the hermit does not exist, the use of the West as a specific refers to the end of Nanshan, and other places as a hermit can be seen as a hermit.

 

Second, the modern hermit and the ancient hermit is not lack of common, for example, they are all in the pursuit of quiet nature, far away from the noise, etc.. Bill Porter later also pay attention to this point, so the orchid: searching for the modern Chinese recluse "reprint when what he failed to stress recluse and seclusion tradition itself, but rather focus on retirement behavior showed the spiritual form of:" I hope it will be like to encourage Western readers as to encourage Chinese readers to seek and find the joy of life 'alone' - not solitary, but because of the consciousness and goodness deeper, and everyone is more harmonious coexistence. "[14]

 

In addition, the modern hermit in Zhongnanshan ascetics, there are a number of scholars, entrepreneurs. They due to the pressure of modern life, tired or frustrated, temporarily living in seclusion Zhongnanshan, live in seclusion ease fast-paced caused all kinds of discomfort. These people is not the same ancient Shi, hidden under the hermit, but their way of life and seek comfort, and after Wei and Jin Dynasties ancient hermits living in seclusion, hidden heart has highly consistency: no permanent seclusion, just a short rest, to calm the real life caused by psychological imbalance, reaching the purpose of self adjustment. In the hustle and bustle in looking for a quiet, I'm afraid at all times and in all over the world, a lot of people yearn for, as the French writer Montaigne said: "we are in need of a wife and children, property, especially need the best possible body, but can not rigid to affect our happy point. We maintain a completely belong to our own free space, like the shop after, establish our true freedom, and the most important secluded and quiet. "[15]

 
Four, conclusion

 

Zong stated before, eventually the modern hermit of Nanshan compared with ancient have very different, not official, implicit choice under the background of the concept; they have not in people's living state and spiritual practice, and with the ancient and Western hermit not external service, not external things tired spirit with high consistency. This is the society's wide attention to the end of the Nanshan seclusion phenomenon, continue to use the name of the hermit, and give an important reason for the. The differences and similarities between the hermit and the ancient hermit, as well as the attention and affirmation of the society, to a certain extent, reflect the cultural heritage of the ancient Chinese. So in the fast-paced, excessive materialism of modern society, we do not advocate hermit behavior, but it may be a little hermit spirit.

 

Reference

 

[1] Di Ruihong. "[N].", 2012-03-04 (A11), a contemporary hermit.

 

[2] Yang Bojun. The Analects of Confucius "[M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980

 

[3] Xiao Zixian. Book of Nan [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1972

 

[4] Sima Qian. Historian [M]. Beijing: China Publishing House, 1959

 

[5] Wang Rongbao. Law on [M]. Chen Zhongfu, the school. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1987

 

Yingshao [6]. Custom meaning school note [M]. Wang tool, school note. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1981

 

[7] Fang Xuanling. A [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1974

 

[8] anonymous. The continued: 135th volume [M]. Taipei: xinwenfeng publishing company, 1995

 

[9] Zhong Rong. Four [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1998

 

[10] Peng Dingqiu. Full Tang [M]. Beijing: China Publishing House, 1999

 

[11] Su Shi. Su Shi [M].. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986

 

[12] Bill Porter. For modern Chinese hermit [M]. secluded orchid in a deserted Valley: Ming Jie, translation. Beijing: National Publishing House, 2001

 

[13] France. Hermit: [M]. Liang Yongan, the perspective of loneliness. Shanghai: East China Normal University press, 2010

 

[14] Bill Porter. For modern Chinese hermit [M]. secluded orchid in a deserted Valley: Ming Jie, translation. Haikou: Nanhai publishing company, 2009

 

[15] Montaigne. Montaigne: complete essays on [M]. Pan Lizhen, Wang Yue, Ding Buzhou, translation. Nanjing: Yilin press, 1996

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