Nietzsche's eternal reincarnation (hereinafter referred to as "reincarnation"), perhaps the most puzzling of its entire thinking. "Eternal return" of the original German two roughly the same expression: "die ewigeWiederkunft" and "Ewig wiederkehren". The former is the expression of nominalization, and the latter is the expression of the verb, Chinese also translated "Yong Hengfu back" or "eternal return".[1]262 is whether the segment or style of writing. Is it too much of the poetic language, increase in our understanding of the theory of the difficulties. Moreover, from this manuscripts, directly related to the reincarnation described less and less, not only hard into the system, even a word or two. In the face of Nietzsche's eternal transmigration, we often ruzhui clouds, occasionally feel it is difficult to get to the point.
The theory of samsara is confusing, but its importance is beyond doubt. Nietzsche called it "deep thought" [1]257, "the thought of thought" [2]264, 387 Heidegger also naturally to one of the five propositions. This naturally aroused the attention of the researchers. However, researchers tend to put the theory of reincarnation in a very abstract context. This abstract and grand speech, even Nietzsche himself may not have crossed. In this regard, we are here to ask the question is: can we say that the eternal reincarnation of our experience?
Nietzsche once said, "I used to write with my whole body and my life at all times: I don't know what is purely spiritual." [3]313, as Mr. Bach commented, Nietzsche is asking us to turn it into our own experience. As the thought in the thought, the eternal samsara is no exception. Although the expression of samsara also expresses some ideas about the whole world, the basic meaning of it is also the most important meaning. Therefore, in this paper, the basic tendency or intention, to abstruse metempsychosis "downgrade", it will be incorporated into the recognition of life in the past, and explain it may have implications. In this process, Schopenhauer's philosophy as a very important ideological background, will always be reflected. In the eyes of Nietzsche, "the great teacher" [4]54, and "the only teacher" [5]240, whose influence is not to be ignored. In the aspect of reincarnation, this kind of influence can also be observed.
The curse of fate and Revelation: the eternal present
In the fall of 1881, when Nietzsche around the lake Prana walk by silver, in a twinkling flashed a reincarnation of inspiration. A few years later, Nitzsch recalled the experience and wrote, "a thought is like a bolt of lightning...... The excitement of the great tension will sometimes bring tears. In this tension, the pace to become as swift as the storm can't help sometimes, sometimes become slow stagnation; it is a kind of complete with direct feel lost, toes, countless subtle fear and trembling clear consciousness......" [6]
The formation of any other theory of Nietzsche's 110-105, I'm afraid not accompanied by such breathtaking experience. The appearance of the first time, it will also be disturbing.
Curse of samsara: a warning of life
Shortly after the lakeside experience, Nitzsch first presented the following insights. It is well known, but we still have the full quote as follows:
The biggest burden --- if the devil in a single day or night into your most intolerable loneliness, and say to you: "you now and in the past life, is your life. It will be repeated again and again, nothing new, in your life each kind of pain and joy, sigh, and all the big and small, unspeakable things will return to you, will come in the same order, will also appear at the moment in the trees and the spider moon, will also appear in this I like the devil and moment. The eternal hourglass that will keep turning, you are nothing but dust in the hourglass Will you fall to the ground if you listen to the devil? You will curse the teeth, "the devil? You may have experienced such an extraordinary moment in the past, when you answered the devil, "you are God, and I have never heard anything more sacred than this!" If this thought overwhelms you, the devil will change you, and perhaps you will be crushed. Do you still want it and want it countless times? This is the question everyone has to answer for his life. This problem is the biggest burden on your actions! Or, how can you treat yourself and your life, and in addition, the eternal and the guarantee for final confirmation?
No matter how Nietzsche will be able to express the eternal reincarnation after this, at least in this place, Nietzsche's intention is clear. Here, Nietzsche speaks of the devil's mouth with heavy thoughts and forces us to focus on our own actions and lives. The meaning of life ethics contained in the cycle theory is obvious. As for Nietzsche P u TZ version of the editor said: "the first mention of Nietzsche in the idea of the eternal return is not factual, but it is ethical, is the need to contact behavior and practice to understand it." [7]24 so, what does the reincarnation of the devil tell us?
Life is in a cycle. When I write this desk when someone years ago may do the same thing. Every impulse and determination, every action and habit, and what we think, what we think and what we do, will come back to us. We have to learn, but after the devil whisper so harbour evil designs, the cycle of life seems to have become an inescapable curse. Nietzsche put this curse on everyone, for we sounded the alarm of life.
The repetition of life is a curse, but not an absolute fact. The key to this is that we have to do everything we do, whether we want it or what we want to do so many times. This transition implies an experience of time and brings us into the contemplation of life.
(two) the revelation of samsara: the meaning of the present
How many times do we still want to reproduce our lives? Although this reflection has repeatedly brought our thoughts to the distance, but the focus is to make people pay attention to the present. Now is the real time of life. The moment is always out of reach. Nietzsche wrote in his early notes: "every moment of life is a sign, but we do not want to listen." Although [8]21 has been abandoned by us in various ways, it will return to us as soon as possible.
If the eternal transmigration is a layer of meaning, so as Safe Lansky reminds us, this layer of meaning can be traced back to Schopenhauer's thinking ahead. Schopenhauer once wrote, "I can compare time to a circle that will never stop:
The continuous half is like the past, and the rising half is like the future; and the indivisible point above, that is, the tangent and the circumferential contact, is like an extension of the moment (Jetzt). The tangent does not rotate with the circle and does not turn at the moment." 383-427236 it is clear that Schopenhauer has pointed out the eternal moment. This moment, Chala Trust La is also to stop the dwarf and marked "instant" (Augenblick) in the doorway. Whether forward or backward, this moment will always lead to eternity.
So, what can we experience from this moment?
Nietzsche indirectly pointed out this moment, but at the same time he wanted us to look at the present with a more profound perspective. What would happen if the man had done what he was doing now? So when we ask ourselves, we have assumed that we will do the things many times. At this point, the meaning and value of the doings so suddenly endowed with another: perhaps we will present things again and again feel disgust and fear; perhaps we will feel very happy, and have greater courage and spirit in the present. This is the revelation of the eternal present: it requires us to take on the value of the present, and to be willing to repeat it in the heart of what is truly present. Nietzsche said in his concluding remarks: "my theory is that to live this way, you have to hope for a new life, and that is the mission you will do anyway!" Nitzsch's tone was firm. Before that, all the "should be" to be overcome, here is to be placed in a new "you should": you should live so and so in this moment, so that it will return to you without fear.
There is no doubt that reincarnation urges people to pay attention to the present and cherish the moment. "Read Nietzsche's" the author of the book, also the following summary and we pointed out the essence of reincarnation layer said: "eternal return to deepen the meaning of our current. No matter what we are doing, we will cycle again and again. This will strengthen the responsibility of the individual behavior, and an implied exhortation: the pursuit of excellence, beyond the self, every moment is forever, so we should make full use of the moment, the full development of self". From the curse of life and then come out of the present meaning, this is what we can experience to the reincarnation of the first layer of meaning. In this sense, we curse "devil" is also instructive to the "gods". However, reincarnation gods still need further explanation.
Two, the fate of love: reincarnation of self transcendence
Listen to the devil transmigration, people will be collapsed to the ground "," teeth ", which is regarded as the curse. But at the same time, people can still see it as a "sacred word". So, where is the sacred place?
Pain and Nothingness: the essence of the experience of the people in the reincarnation of the behavior of the people, thinking and thinking of the repeated, is still only a very external meaning of the concept of reincarnation. Samsara does not stop at this point, otherwise it will become a more "to become hackneyed and stereotyped expressions, in the thought." samsara fundamentally refers to the experience of life, life is pain and emptiness. Pain, as a basic experience of life, is repeated on the individual. What is more, it is difficult to establish the positive meaning of life, and thus it is difficult to defend the life itself in the repeated painful experience. This is the second experience, which is obtained from the view of samsara, and is also a more essential experience. In this way, the reincarnation of the re - fall into the curse of life? However, the pain of life and meaningless repeated experience, is the reincarnation of the sacred place. In other words, reincarnation is to reveal the profound dilemma of life, and to face this situation. For this argument, we can not give reasons. Heidegger repeatedly reminded us: only on Nietzsche's posthumous manuscript review, in order to give Nietzsche a more clear image.
This is especially true in reincarnation. Here we should pay particular attention to the "will to power" Cory version of the [5]71 fragments. Compared with other residues, this article is not only a large space (including 16 sections), but also presents a number of systematic related propositions. In this article a remnant, Nietzsche describes the relationship between moral values, nihilism, eternal cycle of the three. In the third section, Nietzsche wrote: "in this, as it is this, no meaning and purpose, but inevitably reincarnation, not to a nihilistic ending...... The most extreme form of this is the nothingness of nihilism ("meaningless") of eternity!" This is what 248-252 Nietzsche, evidence we have raised in the essence of life experience. This experience, to say, is the experience of nothingness. In this regard, Nitzsch in the fourteenth quarter, he said: "the basic types of the most unhealthy people is this kind of nihilism, they will be on the eternal faith felt as a curse......" .
The curse is made by the most unhealthy people, and they can't understand the sacredness of reincarnation. The curse of samsara, in essence, is a painful and meaningless curse of life, which is exactly what Nietzsche points out to life. With this resentment, the pain of life on the one hand, to obtain a crime of explanation that pain is derived from the life of crime; on the other hand, get rid of the pain and guilt means to go on the road to salvation. This salvation, Nietzsche regarded as a disguised form of asceticism. Asceticism gives eliminate pain medicine and re gives meaning to life - although still a sense of nothingness. "Most healthy people" is roughly what people believe and practice asceticism. They hate the pain, but can not bear the pain of reincarnation.
And the most healthy people relative is Nietzsche and then point out that "the strongest". These powerful "not only admitted, but also love a part of accidental and absurd"; they are also "the health of the richest, most bad things to deal with...... They are convinced of their own power, and with a sense of pride to show the power of human beings have been obtained.
However, since life is pain and nothingness, and why to love life? How does the love of life against the nothingness of life? The so-called love life, it seems to find their own reasons for love and motivation.
(two) affirmation and confrontation of samsara: self transcendence of life
The hope and the power of the love of life, the ultimate concern is how to overcome the nothingness of life. To overcome the void, also means to justify the pain of life, that is, to explain the essence of the experience of reincarnation. So, between the transmigration doctrine and love life, nihilism three related together. Heidegger has long pointed out:
"Eternal doctrine, only according to the experience of nihilism and nihilism of nature to make understanding.424 so, the key question is how to treat people, the experience of nothingness, and thus show a love attitude to life?
On the road to overcome Nietzsche's nihilism, or to return to the Schopenhauer philosophy to. Schopenhauer has completely diagnosed the nothingness of life. In his view, the "desire and struggle are the nature of human being", so people can give life to the short, the relative significance and value, but can not find Nitzsch's "great unity" in 51445 for Nitzsch, this is not what life has great unity, the purpose of life is is life itself. Nietzsche showed a dramatic reversal of Schopenhauer's view of life. Simmel for us to reveal the dramatic one: "the vital process of extreme belittle or high praise, are from the same to a negative external in this process the absolute purpose and value.
Schopenhauer's Metaphysics of will has been stripped of the absolute purpose of life. The rigid nature of human nature, which is advocated by the theory of personality, further weakens the possibility of the development of life. At the same time, the disappearance of the external purpose (the various forms of "you should") gives birth to another possibility: life still contains the charm of its center (various forms of "I want"). That is to say, Schopenhauer actually helped a lot of Nietzsche's nihilism. It makes Nietzsche thoroughly understand the limitations and relativity of the existing value evaluation: the establishment of the new value is just to start from the acceptance of the virtual, and to enhance the vitality of its focus. This is the "negative nihilism" to "positive nihilism" a possibility of transition.
So, reincarnation is not directly included to overcome nihilism, but open to overcome nihilism of the starting point. Nietzsche has given the life ethics that Schopenhauer has revealed in the form of the cycle to give and strengthen its nature as the essence of experience. The traditional moral ethics, reflects the different degree of pain and rejection of life so as to escape, reincarnation as a curse. Nietzsche tells us that we should be brave to accept and transform the pain of life, and regard it as the premise and motive of self transcendence. Therefore, people can and should love reincarnation, embrace reincarnation. In this sense, Nietzsche regards the eternal cycle as "the highest positive formula": the affirmation of samsara, the affirmation of pain, and the affirmation of life.
Three, a kind of game of reincarnation: aesthetic vision of life
Heidegger pointed out that Nietzsche is still a genuine metaphysician. We are here despite Heidegger made the concluding sequence of events. To be sure, Nietzsche did express some ideas about the world as a whole, especially in the 14[188] of the will to power, which is called the new world programme.
In which Nietzsche wrote: "if the world can reach an equilibrium state, or, if the world should have a goal, a contains persistence, invariance, once and for all of purpose, then, such a state must have reached the...... In an infinite time, every possible combination may have been reached at some point...... The world as a cycle, it has often been a repeat of their own, and will play their own game indefinitely
Nietzsche imagined that if the movement of the world had an ultimate purpose, it would have been achieved. But the truth is, there's no such thing as the ultimate purpose of the world. The course of history is not a straight line towards a higher stage, but a time and time again to return to a certain stage. What is the purpose of Nietzsche's design of the world movement? Let's take a look at where the inspiration for this project might come from. We believe that this cycle of Nietzsche's view of metaphysical influence may be Schopenhauer.
The purpose of the world or the history of the state and its circular motion can be regarded as an extension on the basis of the experience of life. The loss of the absolute purpose of life has been revealed by Schopenhauer.
At the same time, Schopenhauer's Metaphysics of will is not in the description of life. In fact, it also contains a view of the world as a whole. Will, as the inner essence of the world, is "no purpose, no end, it is an endless pursuit...... After each goal is reached, it is the beginning of a new process, so infinite...... The constant change, the endless flow is the manifestation of the essence of will. Finally, also can see the same situation "in the pursuit of human desire. This will metaphysics depicts a world image again, Nitzsch certainly had to take the hint. As the eternal cycle of a metaphysical level, Nitzsch also from Schopenhauer's philosophy of the will get the corresponding inspiration. So, it is necessary to return to the previous question: This is the core of the new world program, which is the meaning of it?
The new world in reincarnation, although the transcendental and can not grasp, but it is the same with Nietzsche's idea. This kind of reincarnation is not an isolated unit in Nietzsche's thought, and its meaning can be incorporated into our experience. We think: on the one hand, this samsara metaphysical connotation is the essence of extended experience in life; on the other hand, it is also proposed a strengthening and confirmation of the latter. In addition, perhaps more important, the idea that the cycle of the world as a game is closely related to the fate of the mind.
From the beginning of the Greek philosopher Anak Seaman De, there is western culture is a tendency of good and evil things and destroy with the relevant ethics. This is particularly reflected in the Christian ideas. This traditional concept of morality, the life of unnecessary, or even adverse effects, Nitzsch made a lot of criticism. It can be said that it is in response to the traditional view of life ethics.
The generation and disappearance of things, in Nietzsche's view, there is no reason to be regarded as the result of sin or punishment. It's just a game in the world. The game is certainly not an entertaining performance, but the way we look at the world in an aesthetic perspective. In the aesthetic care, life itself from the moral burden. At this point, life becomes lighter and more lovely, even more painful and frightening. However, it is also in the return of Heraclitus's view of the world in the process of life in order to get rid of that kind of ethical doctrine is false and harmful, and the Dionysian pleasure and self re legislation, to the transcendence of life. We may wish to adopt one scholar, made a summary: "not to make a moral judgment of existence, will be seen as both being and hidden, both production and destruction of the game, this is the highest state of a freedom, a freedom when Dionysus" 204
Four, conclusion
In this paper, we have done a preliminary discussion on the theory of eternal transmigration.
This paper is trying to from first to last, will return into our experience to recognize, and let it speak directly to our life. Reincarnation should be able to convey some truth to life. However, reincarnation aims photop deep, its meaning is far cannot be exhausted. One of the reasons for this is that Nietzsche's theory of reincarnation really has absorbed some scientific achievements at that time, so we will not be fully discussed. With the in-depth understanding of Nietzsche, the cycle will certainly show a more meaningful. At the same time, its possible limitations must be able to gradually understand.
In fact, about things again, already entered people's field of vision. Heraclitus's eternal flames, the cycle of Sisyphus and stone accompanied by life, not the Buddhism into Nirvana rebirth and so on, they all convey the concept of transmigration. At the same time according to these ancient samsara, Nietzsche's eternal reincarnation can not be said to be born, but also the unique charm. It is no doubt that the life of the lawsuit to some of the deepest truth, and our thinking of life to a new level. The idea of reincarnation also shows that Nietzsche must be a philosopher of life, and all the other images are associated with it.
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