Kant and Marx, as the history of western philosophy critique theory of the two peaks, they opened the two forms of the critical theory, namely the theory in the field of criticism and practice in the field of criticism. Critique of the two forms in criticism of the problem domain, criticism of the way and the method, as well as critical to achieve the goals are very important differences. Sort out the differences of the two is not only conducive to deepening our understanding of Kant and Marx's critical thought, and more conducive to the deepening of our critical understanding of this important philosophical mode of thinking.
One, as the "criticism" of the way of philosophical thinking.
Criticism is an important concept in philosophy, it reflects the reflection function of philosophy, the essence of philosophy is highly concentrated. Generally speaking, in the academic field, the critical refers to both the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis. The original meaning of "criticism" in English usage of the two: critiques (review) and '(criticism). The Oxford English dictionary definition, and the "critical" is a criticism of art, and later extended to on other forms of literature and art criticism. In philosophy generally used the word critiques, but was explained, but only, which was more suitable for used in philosophical sense. [1]
The reflection and questioning on the unity of Chinese and foreign.[2] "critical" in "modern Chinese Dictionary" in the explanation, the first is "the wrong thoughts, speech or behavior system analysis, deny"; the second is "criticism"; the third is "distinguish between right and wrong or useful and useless semantic indicate that any criticism contains a subject and object, it is the main object of the existence of the premise, basis, rationality and existing significance to examine the considerations, then the evaluation and make repair and improve the process, and this process is the general philosophical significance.
As a kind of critical reflection, the subject itself is extremely obvious. Because any critique is critical subject criticism and critical subject to its own cognitive structure and cognitive background tend to have very important influence on the critical. Criticism in essence is a critical subject according to their own cognitive structure and change the criticism object original words space to express their will in such a process. For ten object, criticism is a kind of semantic space expansion, at the same time is also a certain degree of artistic conception "twisted". On the so-called "development", it is refers to the subjective critical intrinsic cognitive background opening another space for the existence of the object of criticism; is the so-called "twisted", it is refers to the "expansion" in a sense, the object of criticism from the original context, and with the critique of the subject into another discourse space.
In fact, it is critical as a mode of thinking to examines and questions, which in essence is the continuation of a discourse context of logic. Because the criticism to the specific object as object, is critically important link of accurate grasp of the object itself, and any object could not be the existence of a solitary, it is in a context. Therefore the true meaning of criticism is need to enter the critical object where the discourse context. Only in this way, we can more fully to hold the object, but also to talk about criticism of it. This repeated thinking behind the fact that things went so Hegel thinks that the real criticism should be 'thinking' rather than the so-called 'reflection' because, "is a reflection of the abstract one-sided fragmented way of thinking, can not grasp the living truth, it from the knowledge of the transition, the living know when to distort the facts, and this transition is through the 'thinking' (that follow in fact) to achieve, but the critical needs in the usual sense of 'reflection'.En}3}0 is in Hegel's view, the critical in substance is a strict context of" thinking "process.
Although the Hegel's emphasis on "thinking" criticism is perfect and reasonable in logic, but the ten has a critical subject specific knowledge structure background, in order to fully into the context object of criticism and critique of the true meaning of the is extremely difficult, because there is a knowledge structure and discourse background conversion problem. Therefore, the ten critique, although "after thinking" has a self consistent and complete theory, but it is very difficult to reach. So, when Hagel put it in, "who am I?" "To criticize Kant's" what can I know? "When a. Question is, of course, the strong, but from the point of view of the theory of narrative, but is abrupt, because this is precisely contrary to the Hegel to critical thinking" defined. Because a when Hegel station in the grand historical narrative background to lookback Kant, and decided to ask the way to dynamic model of history as the background, and not in Kant's sense of relatively static background of discourse to ask. Therefore, if from whether to enter the context to define criticism for Hegel is actually cannot constitute to Kant's "reflection" sense of criticism of, this is, at best, only a level of reflection on the criticism. Because of his criticism did not really into Kant's problem context, but in the grand historical narrative background to look at Kant, the is a change in the critical perspective. Therefore, from "thinking" level, in essence, is not constitute of Kant's critique.
In spite of this, but as a kind of ideal way of thinking. "After thinking" for ten critical theory research but still has a very important methodology guidance value, because it very powerfully pointed out the criticizing the important factors of the critical context for existence.
In terms of the usual critical context, who is it? Criticism of what? Why criticism? And how to criticize? Such a complete set of discourse system. In this one, the criticism against the is context is the core and key, because it not only identify the critique of the subject, it is also associated with critical reason and method. Philosophically, generally speaking, there are two major problems: one is the domain theory, a practical field. Therefore, the major issues involved in the field of criticism also include the practice and theory of these two areas.
As the two dimensions of human perception of the world, both in theory and in practice a on the connotation and theory construction of space and the narrative way is has a very important difference. The so-called theory "it is mainly refers to the within subject passive accept objectivity ten itself, to enrich themselves, thus abandoning the one-sided sex subjective abstract and empty of; another is the subject of active sublation of the objective world independent of one sidedness, with the goal of understanding the truth. "
The so-called practice "it refers to the subject that the objective world is not real illusion, he will by virtue of their inherent nature and decided to transform the objective world, the goal is to achieve good. ; fsl0 so that 'all the so-called rational existence, also is in any possible world rational existence. This is a does not involve setting the logic of empirical facts. ; theory of FSL as an important field of human perception of the world, it is with rational logic as the starting point and layers expand its space construction, rationality is the dominant mode of the narrative, but practice is to the real world as the main object of study and living situation changes is the extremely important background and Sensibility is the main way of narration. Because of theory and practice in the construction of space exist great differences, which also determines the ten the structural problems of the differences exist. Problems arising in the theory field, the vast majority of is theory of their own discourse system conflict and collision and produce results, abstraction, and logic is its most important characteristic. The practical problems in the field, it most is come from the social life of its own in the running process to produce the contradiction, complexity and variability, is its most important characteristic. As budel pointed out "by the ten social life is highly differentiated the, in highly differentiated society, the social world is by a large number of relatively independent of the small community of the world, the social world is objective relationship of its own logic and necessity of space, and the little world of their own unique logic and inevitability nor to dominate other field operation of the logic and necessity." [v] this determines the complexity and variability of the problems that exist in the ten practice area.
Because produce ten field of theory and practice has the extremely important differences, which also determines the carries on the critique of the way difference. Problems in the field of theories need from the problems inherent in the logical background on, according to the inherent logic of discourse system is the most important content. The practical criticism in the field and by the complexity and variability of ten areas of practice, which determines the the of critique of the way the profound and diversity. At this point, Kant and Marx's criticism is the most representative.
Two, Kant and Marx's critical thinking analysis.
Effect of as two critical peak in the history of philosophy, Kant and Marx's critique thought is its extremely rich content, they are associated with specific background, in effect have reached the problem to further promote and promoting the generation progress. But as a critique of context, Kant's critique is belongs to the field of theory, and Marx's critique is belongs to the field of practice for ten. Kant starts with from the questioning people's cognitive ability, the target is the cognition of truth. Marx is starting from the understanding of the target, the target is the realization of the goodness of the world.
An analysis of Kant's critical thought.
Kant's critique thought is mainly reflected by his criticism of the three, the critique of pure reason, the critique of practical reason, the critique of critique of. The criticism to analyze the limitations of human reason as a starting point, effectively answer "a man can know what" "a man can do what?" And "what do people want?" These three questions. Through the three critiques, Kant pointed out that the limitations of human understanding, that is within the scope of understanding and that humans can understand only the phenomenal world while hiding behind the phenomena in ten world of autologous people cannot be perceived. At the same time. He also pointed out that in addition to human understanding, there are still beyond the reach of human intellectual range. This is man's free will dominate the moral, aesthetic and belief space.
Kant's critical thoughts unlimited extension of the human spirit of heaven and earth, humanity left sacred and beautiful space, so as to promote the study of problems has made important historical contributions. The premise and foundation of the development of Kant's critical theory to swallow "the problem of the rest" is the premise and foundation of the development of Kant's critical theory. Desert of ten causal relationship between reliability and necessity of deconstruction shake the theoretical foundation of history of western philosophy and the history of science and technology, but also to awaken the dogmatism of Kant's Fan Wei 'desert forest problem "is by the ten existing off ten the philosophy of rational cognition is not a convincing answer" experience the world in the perception of the causal relationship between the existence of? "Caused by this problem. So, in the end the human reason can not explain the experience of the world of confusion? Kant think, from the view of reason itself is to answer the question of the real starting point. Because only on reason for detailed investigation, and fully understand the capability and limitation, can we talk about on May of rationality subjected to answer the question. Therefore, Kant pointed out that "in my so-called critical non referring to books and critical system, but refers to the rational from the efforts of all experience for all the knowledge and abilities of so-called rational criticism of universal. 77}8} is based on the continuous reflection of human rational Kant finally established the theoretical system of transcendental idealism that he believes a priori knowledge structure exists in the understanding of the people, so-called understanding is only the a priori objective cognitive network applied over the experience material, process, and stressed that the causal relationship is of ten a priori knowledge structure. Therefore, he stressed the need to identify common knowledge structure from the cognitive activities, which in the phenomenological sense effectively answer the "desert", at the same time, also reached the clarify our thoughts, advance philosophical theory along the main function.
From the logical context of Kant's critique, "what can I know?"" The theoretical logic starting point is that of human cognitive ability and cognitive examines and questions is clearly the focus of concern to its theoretical discourse. Based, it is to construct rational power strong the discourse space of their own, in on the basis of strong logical arguments effectively answer the censure of empiricism, to fully display the profound and logic of the critique of reason, effect is good, promote the rationalism of the forward.
Analysis of (two) Marx's critical thought.
Compared to the critique of Kant, Marx's critical thought a most obvious characteristic is in ten, it is closely related with human life practice and the real world of suffering and injustice is the deep roots of Marx's critical theory and critical thinking in the profound and sharp, solve the human encounter in the real life of suffering, the establishment of a happy and brave new world, which is the ultimate pursuit of Marx's critical theory, so he "does not recognize the authority of any outside, no matter what is the authority. Religion, view of nature, society and the state system. Everything was on the most ruthless criticism; everything must be in the changes before the courts for their being defended or a waiver of right to exist. Thinking of the intellectual has become the only measure of all scales. 77}9} therefore, in this sense, the human mind focus to solve the realistic problems, has become the key point of Marx's critical thought, "the philosophers have only interpreted the world and the key to the problem is to change the world. ; Uol, of course, the contents of the practice of human life is very rich, causes of problems is extremely complex, in the highly differentiated and open social environment, to find human suffering and injustice of the root, you need through a variety of complex social representation and to understand the essence of the problem. This has decided the Marx critical theory has a change development and the step by step to the thorough process. From Marx's a series of critical works of view, Marx's critical theory has a from moral criticism gradually moving towards a critique of science and progressive process. Early Marx by ten under the influence of humanism, the criticism of the concept with a strong color of idealism.
And at that time a Young Hegelians members, Marx believed ideas and concepts is the decisive force of historical development, that critical theory can fundamentally promote the progress and development of society. So he from objective idealism of Hegel's world view, emphasizing the due and the existing things, philosophy, law, country, etc., as a concrete manifestation of the vivid world of thought, and tries in the philosophy of the world pursue real life beauty. So, he actively stressed from the theoretical criticism of the real world, that is to say, "hope found a new world in the criticism of the old world. ; UI] in order to achieve your new world. Marx's critique of the theory of basic attitude is "ruthless", "the so-called ruthless, is to say, this criticism is not afraid of their conclusions, not afraid of co-occurrence have various forces clashed. ; Uzl but with the development of history, Marx gradually realized that establish on the humanism based moral criticism does not fundamentally change the sufferings of the real world, in changing the world this, moral criticism is weak, only from the economic analysis of capital operation mode, in order to seize the root of real suffering.
Therefore, from the beginning of the "German Ideology", Marx gradually transferred to the criticism of capitalism in the economic field, it is also in the process, Marx and Engels realized double transition of philosophical belief and belief of the revolution, finally established the theoretical system of historical materialism.
Throughout Marx's critical theory, we can find it is a clear problem domain analysis to the real problem is the main focus. Reality is needed to use realistic way to solve the problem, and not merely ten theoretical discussion. Therefore, he suggested the key is to change the world. To this end, he chose in the ways and methods of criticism is a combination of theoretical criticism and practical criticism, namely so-called "critical weapons and weapons of criticism" combined. At the same time, Marx's critical position is very clear, for the service of the proletariat is always the pursuit of the same.
Through the above analysis, we can see that the same as critical theory, Marxism with Kant's critical theory has a very important difference, the difference not only in "to explain the world" and "change the world" the purpose of this criticism on, and in the ways and methods of criticism and there are also different, but these in the final analysis, it is determined by the critical problem domain.
Three, Kant and Marx's critical thoughts.
As a social activist, Marx's critical theory has strong realistic complex. Therefore, his critique style is full of passion and fighting; and as an academic thinkers, Kant's critique is known to moderate and rational. Although there are significant differences both in the criticism of the problem domain, and criticism of the ways and means, but from their respective theory contains the human purpose, their thoughts but many things in common. So, how should we look at both of these ideas? As critical thinking and criticism as thought and the history of philosophy is the unfolds the grand background. Therefore, in the history of the development of the macro context to comment on two masters of critical thinking is the inevitable starting point of our argument.
(a) grasp the pulse of the generation in the criticism, and actively promote the development of the spirit of the generation.
Ideological strength is in the grasp of the ten pairs generation pulse, although the grasp may manifest as inquiry and Reflection on the theoretical level, it could be true in the field of conflict and struggle, but common is they can reflect a generation of voice, and promote the development of era spirit. Hagel and Marx's critique of the common refraction is the humanistic value demands of Western society from 17 to nineteenth Century. From 17th to 19th century in western capitalist society is the rapid rise of the scientific rationality as the foundation of the individualism of the times, the supremacy of the interests of the individual, disequilibrium of the development of human society become a reality, but also the human trying to become a community of value demands into a remote and dream, which is caused by the deep root of the reality of social suffering. So, how to curb the rise of individualism brought about by social problems? Kant and Marx, respectively, from the theory and practice of the two levels to make a strong answer to it. Kant through the three critiques, in stressed based on the limitation of human understanding, the rationality of human freedom left less' a wide space, it restores the important value of morality, beauty, faith in human life, the guardians of people for the rights and dignity of the people, which is I in theory get rid of rational errors of individualism, a correct understanding of themselves, has made important contributions. Coincidentally, also stressed the critical spirit of Marx but in practice and Kant reached different song with the soil effect. Marx from the analysis of capitalist mode of production of eventually finding the secret of the exploitation of capital, and in the two dimensions of the theory and practice of capitalism launched a fierce criticism, and for human to get rid of the suffering to achieve self liberation of find a way out. In spite of the differences between the two options, the goal of the person concerned is consistent. Although Kant and Marx himself may not profoundly aware of this, but when the imprint of a spiritual or deeply engraved in the depths of their minds, and this is through their respective critical thinking has been full performance.
(two) presents the theoretical criticism and practical criticism of the two forms of criticism.
Theory and practice of human life as the two basic scenarios, due to the difference of its own problem domain determines the ten of them critical discourse differences exist. The critical theory does not have the effect of practice, similarly, practical criticism can not criticize the theory of equal ten. As Bourdieu in "reflection and practice" pointed out that "the theory of reasoned action is a typical example of the scholastic fallacy. What is a logic of scholastic fallacy holds that industry common mistakes. Say this kind of mistake is reflected in Marx's criticism of Hegel, namely 'will the logic of things wrong as things of logic. EN [13]o} this also is said that theory and practice are two different paths for understanding things, they have their way of operation can't be replaced by each other. Because the nature of "theory of knowledge in the most fundamental attribution ten such a fact, namely, the production of theoretical knowledge of the conditions is not practical conditions. EN [14] if we with the theory of conceptual thinking to replace the actors are in the construction of social practice sense, which is typical intellectualism mistake; conversely, production practice knowledge environment is also different production theory knowledge environment. If we use in practice to obtain knowledge to replace theory. It will make experience on the error. That is to say, covered by the theory of discourse system and practice covered the discourse system is the essential difference, therefore, present in the critical must be different. Kant's critical theory is a typical field of the criticism, the starting point problem is beyond practical concern when empty, in the process of criticism, logic is the first and most important content, the path follows the logic of criticism is the criticism of the main theory of walking; and Marx's critical theory is also carried out in the field of practice, the starting point of the problem is a real concern clear, in practice the discourse system of openness, its criticism is full of ductility, it shows a transition from this germplasm moral criticism to science criticism. This is the inevitable requirement of the practice field of openness.
(three) reveals the characteristics of the open thinking of the concept of criticism.
Undeniable, the criticism is has a very clear subject characteristic and the different subjects of potential discourse background and thinking framework is the criticism can achieve predetermined premise, this also means that discourse space transformation is inevitable criticism thinking characteristics. And it is through the conversion of the discourse context, critical to restore things ten of its inherent grand thinking background, let things be more realistically rendered. It is also in this process, the limitations of the original thinking and ideas has been revealed. And this is criticism inherent in open thinking characteristics of the inevitable requirement. Kant and Marx's criticism is a very good showing this characteristic. Through the criticism of Kant, reason is placed to the a more less' a wide space, by constantly the of questioning and reflection, inherent in rational structure has been presented more real, so as to make people to understand the rational gradually towards the deep; and Marx's critical to understanding of capitalism to a more profound and comprehensive state, which makes the nature of capital has been more fully displayed, so as to enable people to capitalist understanding constantly deepening. Overall, it is in the critical thinking of the open, Kant and Marx's thought has been more fully displayed.
In short, criticism as a magnificent philosophical concept of it is a bright flag, also is a horn, it can start thinking about a generation for a period of time, can guide human thought of entering into a higher realm. At the same time, as a kind of mode of thinking, critical to clarify the problem, clarify ideas, enhance the people's thinking ability has very important meaning and value. Kant and Marx's critique thought extremely strongly reflects the criticism of the two functions, but also made important contribution to the development of human thought.
Reference
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