对于小学生而言,作文水平是衡量学生语文学习质量的重要方面。对于教师而言,作文教学比阅读和口语交际教学更难,付出努力却收效甚微,目前我国小学生的写作能力并不理想。我国学者曾做过一些调查研究,结果发现:小学生写作中的观察和理解能力、分析和概括能力、思维能力和表达能力等都存在不足。因此,了解小学生作文能力的构成因素以及影响作文能力提高的原因,并采取有效的教学改革就显得尤为必要和紧迫。
For primary school students, the level of writing is an important aspect to measure students' Chinese learning quality. For teachers, teaching of composition is more difficult than reading and the teaching of oral communication, efforts have little effect, at present our country elementary student's writing ability is not ideal. Chinese scholars have done some investigation and research, results showed that: the elementary students' writing ability in observing and understanding, analysis and generalization ability, thinking ability and expression ability are lacking. Therefore, to understand the reasons for improving pupils' writing ability form factors and effects of writing ability, it is particularly necessary and urgent and adopt effective teaching reform.
一、语言表达能力的培养
A, language expression ability
马克思指出:“语言是思想的直接现实”。文章是以语言为表现工具来反映社会生活、表达作者思想感情的,它不能离开语言而存在,所以,语言是写作的第一要素。老舍先生曾经强调:语言是从事写作的基本工夫,没有运用语言的本事,即无从表达思想、感情,即使敷衍成篇,也不会有多少说服力。所以,语言是文章的表现工具。古今中外的着名作家们都非常重视语言的修养,大凡有经验的语文老师在作文教学中,也强调语言的训练,足见作文语言表达的重要性。
Marx pointed out: "the language is the direct reflection of thoughts". The article is based on language performance tools to reflect the social life, the author expressed thoughts and feelings, it does not exist, so leave the language, language is the first element of writing. Mr. Lao she had emphasized: language is the basic work in writing, without the use of language ability, not the expression of thoughts, feelings, even a perfunctory text, also won't have much persuasion. So, language is the tool of performance. Famous writers at all times and in all countries have attached great importance to the cultivation of language, all experienced Chinese teachers in the teaching of writing, also stressed the importance of language training, which shows the importance of the composition of language expression.
小学作文中语言表达方面存在的问题:第一,不能用准确的语言把自己想说的话表达出来。第二,词汇贫乏,语言不够生动形象,通篇都是“口水话”,没有“文”的色彩。第三,错别字较多,病句较多。第四,空话、套话多。影响语言表达能力的因素有:第一,不知道怎样锤炼语言;第二,思维不严密,条理不清晰,影响表达;第三,不能准确理解词语的意思,影响表达;第四,现代汉语语法学的不好,常有语病。
The problems of language expression in primary school composition: first, can not use precise language to express what they want to say. Second, poor vocabulary, language is not vivid, are full of "slobber words", not "the" color. Third, many more typos, mistakes. Fourth, empty talk, conventional phrases much. Influence factors of language expression ability are: first, do not know how to polish the language; second, thinking is not tight, organized not clear, effect of expression; third, not an accurate understanding of the meaning of the words, the influence of expression; fourth, modern Chinese grammar is not good, often happen.
我们如何培养小学生的语言表达能力呢?
How can we cultivate students the ability of language expression?
1.学习语言,积累语言,培养语感
1 language learning, accumulate language, cultivate the sense of language
首先,培养学习语言的兴趣。曹禺曾说:“要培养自己对语言的兴趣”,“有了强烈的兴趣,才能更好地领略语言的妙境,才能摸索语言的精微”,“语言的进步便如水之就下这样顺当,反之,只有锻炼语言的愿望而无兴趣,语言的进步就如急水上山那样的困难”。所以,产生兴趣是学好语言的一个“极大的窍门”。还说:“一天我们对于语言着了魔,那才算是进了大门,以后才有可能登堂入室,从事语言的创造。由兴趣学习语言,到能称心如意的运用语言,使它成为艺术品,这又是进了一大步,要费更大的苦工夫。”
First of all, to cultivate interest in learning the language. Cao Yu once said: "to cultivate their interest in the language of", "with strong interest, in order to better understand the language Miaojing, we can get the subtle language", "language progress such as the water went down so easy, on the contrary, only to practice the language desire without interest, language progress such as acute mountain water so difficult". Therefore, interest is a "great tips to learn a language". Also said: "one day we possessed for language, then it is into the door, then may go, to create engaging language. Learn the language by interest, to use the language as one wishes, make it become a work of art, this is a great step forward, to charge more hard work."
其次,下苦工夫学习语言。有学习,才有积累。学习语言,有两个途径:一是向人民群众学习语言,人民群众的语言是最能反映生活的语言,它丰富多彩,生动活泼,表现力很强,是取之不尽,用之不竭的源泉。所以,毛泽东号召人们向人民群众学习语言。二是多读名着,“读书破万卷,下笔如有神”。郭沫若认为,多读多写,摸熟语言的“筋肉组织”和精微之处,唤起灵敏的感觉,熟悉名篇佳作的精妙之笔,获得丰富的词汇,这样,自己写起文章来,优美的笔调慢慢地就会运用自如。
Secondly, hard learning a language. Learning, have accumulated. Learning a language, there are two ways: one is to study language from the masses, the masses of the people is the most can reflect the language the language of life, it is rich and colorful, be lively and vivid, expressive, is inexhaustible, be inexhaustible source. So, Mao Zedong called on people to learn language from the masses. The two is to read names, "having read more than ten thousand books, writing if there is god". Guo Moruo think, read more and write more, familiar with the language of the "muscle tissue and subtlety", arouse the sensitive feeling, familiar with the works of the subtle pen, get rich vocabulary, so, write your own articles to, elegant style and slowly will handle very skillfully.
Third, more than the accumulation of language -- vocabulary. Stalin once said: "words reflect the status of language: vocabulary more rich, language is more rich, more developed." Have a large vocabulary, can be subtle subtlety between things to a proper extent demonstrated.
2.培养学生的描写能力
2 the cultivation of students' ability of description
第一,讲清什么是描写及其作用。描是描绘,写是摹写。从写作学角度说,就是用生动形象的语言,把人物、事物、景物、环境、事件及其形态或特征等描绘或刻画出来,使人读后有如见其形、闻其声、历其事的感觉。
First, make clear what is the description and function. Trace is depicted, writing is a facsimile. From the writing point of view, is to use vivid language, making the character, scene, things, events and environment, form or characteristics description or portrayed, make the person reading such as its shape, hear the sound, the calendar event.
第二,讲清描写的种类。关于描写的种类,不同的角度有不同的分法。从小学作文要求来看,主要应该掌握语言描写、行动描写、肖像描写等。应该注意无论什么描写,都要做到有明确的目的,或为表现人物服务,或为展开情节服务,或为揭示主题服务等等;此外,要抓住对象的特征,做到寥寥数笔,神形兼备,如见其人,如临其境。
Second, clear description of the species. On the description of the species, different angles have different classified method. From the primary school composition requirements, mainly should master the language description, action description, the portrait description etc.. No matter what the description should pay attention to, must be a clear purpose, or for the performance figures of service, or to develop the plot of service, or to reveal the theme of service and so on; in addition, to grasp the object features, do a few pen, both God shaped, true to life, vivid.
第三,讲清描写的方法。关于描写的方法,一般说来,离不开生动形象的词汇、浓烈鲜明的色彩、各种各样的修辞手法等等。人们的写作风格不同,其各自强调的重点不同。老舍强调比喻,他说:“在描写时,不能不设喻。”而鲁迅则强调白描,这种方法没有浓烈的色彩,少有形容词,少有修饰,即鲁迅所说的“有真意,去粉饰,少做作,勿卖弄”。
Third, clear description method. A descriptive approach, in general, cannot do without rhetoric vivid vocabulary, strong bright color, a wide variety of etc.. People's writing style is different, different point of their respective emphasis. Lao she emphasizes that metaphor, he said: "in the description of figure of speech, can not." But Lu Xun stressed that the line, this method has no strong colors, few adjectives, little modification, that is, Lu Xun said "there is a real meaning, to whitewash, Zuozuo less, not to show off".
二、修改能力的培养
Two, modify the ability training
修改作文,是写作过程中不可缺少的一个重要环节。人们公认:文章是改出来的,而不是写出来。古今中外的作家都非常重视文章的修改能力。梁章矩说:“百工冶器必几经转换,而后成器。我辈为文,其理一也。”我国当代着名的作家杜彭程在谈《保卫延安》的写作经过时曾说:“在工作之余,一年又一年,把百万字的报告文学,改为60多万字变为17万字,又把17万字变成40万字,又把40万字变成30万字……在四年多的漫长岁月里,九易其稿,反复增添删削何止数次。”当代美国小说家德威尔也说,我的“作品不是写出来的,而是改出来的”。
Modify the composition, is an indispensable and important link in the process of writing. People recognized: the article is to come out, instead of writing it. At all times and in all countries have attached great importance to the writer the ability to modify. Liang Zhangju said: "Bai Gong ye must after conversion, then nothing. Our article, its a also." Chinese contemporary famous writer Du Pengcheng talking about "defend Yanan" writing after when he said: "in the work, year after year, the million word report literature, instead of more than 60 words into 17 words, 17 words and put into 40 words, 40 words and put into 30 words...... In the more than four years of long years, nine drafts, repeated several times more than add emasculated." Contemporary America novelist Dwyer also said, the work is not to write out my ", but changed out".
小学生修改文章方面存在的问题有:第一,眼高手低,即识别能力差,因而修改能力差。第二,修改意识不强。根据我们的调查和观察,当前的小学生作文,几乎都是一稿“定音”,不修改,应试作文也没有时间修改,这从某个角度上是明智的,但无论如何也是一种无奈。第三,对自己的作文,有先入为主的偏见。对已写好的作文有一种思维定式,学生往往突破不了这种定式,对作文不能做实质性的改动。
Students modify article problems: first, have grandiose aims but puny abilities, namely the ability to identify poor, so the ability to modify a difference. Second, modify the consciousness is not strong. According to our investigation and observation, the pupil composition, almost all of a draft "pitch", does not modify the exam composition, nor the time to modify, this from a certain angle is sensible, but in any case is also a kind of helpless. Third, on their own compositions, have First impressions are strongest prejudices. There is a fixed pattern of thinking to have written essay, students tend to break this rote, change of substantive composition doesn't.
1 read modified binding, reading to change
阅读教学是语文教学的重头戏,它是我们培养学生作文修改能力最有效的途径之一。教材中的文章,都是作者潜心构思、字斟句酌过的。通过阅读教学,使学生了解作者谋篇布局、遣字造句的方法,让学生把这些方法运用到修改作文中来,提高修改作文能力。
Reading teaching is the language teaching task, it is we cultivate students' writing ability to modify one of the most effective ways. Teaching material of this paper, are the author painstaking conception, write in ornate style of. Through the reading teaching, to enable students to understand the methods the author seeks a layout, sent word to make sentences, let the students these methods are applied to modify the composition, improve and modify the composition ability.
2.处理好批与改的关系,以批促改
2 handle the relationship with the change of batch to batch, promote change
批是改的基础,批为改服务,改是批的目的。只要在实际教学中充分利用此关系,就能有效地提高学生修改作文的能力。
Batch is the foundation for change, group service, reform is the group of purpose. As long as in actual teaching to make full use of this relationship, we can effectively improve the students' ability to modify the composition of the.
(1) teacher, students change. "Teacher" is refers to the teacher in the process of reading the students' composition, in need of modification points on various symbols or to the comments, found wonderful word sentences to be encouraged. "The students change" is refers to the student experience carefully teachers draw symbols, margin, according to teachers do annotation modify seriously.
(2)互批互改。组成批改小组,选择一个学生的作文互相讨论,共同修改。学生积极评议,同学之间互相影响,促进修改作文能力的提高。
(2) inter change. Composition correcting group, select a student's essay discuss with each other, common modification. The students' positive appraisal, students interact, promote the modification to improve the ability of writing.
(3)面批面改。面批是作文教学中最典型的因材施教的方式,是学生最愿意接受的一种批改方法,它沟通直接,突出反馈的作用,能帮助学生辨析习作中的正误,为自己修改作文提供依据。对学生作文中存在的个别性问题宜采用面批的方法。通过与学生亲切交谈引导学生自己修改。
(3) surface batch surface modification. Teach students in accordance with their aptitude surface batch is the most typical in composition teaching mode, students are most willing to accept a correction method, it is direct communication, highlighting the role of feedback, which can help the students writing in the discrimination between right and wrong, and provide the basis for their modified composition. On the problems of individual existence in students' composition should adopt the method of surface group. Through the guidance and modify their own students and students friendly conversation.
本文从语言表达能力和修改能力方面论述了小学生作文能力的培养。小学生作文能力是一种综合性能力,为了使其从根本上得以提高,我们应细致地把作文能力进行解剖,把多种能力一一提高,在实践教学中,多种能力应相互为用,协调发展。这样,小学生的写作能力必然会迈上一个更高的台阶。
Discusses the cultivating pupils' writing ability from the language expression ability and the ability to modify aspects. Students writing ability is a comprehensive ability, in order to make it be improved fundamentally, we should carefully the writing ability of anatomy, to a variety of capacity one one increase, in teaching practice, many kinds of ability should be mutual, harmonious development. In this way, students writing ability will step the last higher level.