?????????Gln??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Xiey,2010?????????????? Gln ????????????? Gln???? ???? Gln ??????????????????????????????????????Gln ??????????????????????????????Deabreu ??2010? .
In recent years, the role of glutamine (Gln) in animal nutrition has attracted more and more attention. It is one of the animals most abundant amino acids, is conditionally essential amino acid, as reflected in the strength of the immune function of animal effective index (Xiey 2010). Under stress conditions, demand of Gln in animal body greatly exceeds the ability of the body to synthesize Gln, then decreased the content of Gln in vivo, decreased protein synthesis, the emergence of the phenomenon of intestinal mucosal atrophy and immune function and antioxidation in low Gln play an important role in maintaining the animal intestinal mucosal barrier and improving the production performance of animals (Deabreu. In 2010).
1 ?????????????
1 the structure and physiological function of glutamine
1.1 ???????
1.1 glutamine structure
???????????????????????????????? 146,? 2 ???? 5??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
Glutamine is in blood and body tissues of mammals most abundant a free amino acids, with a molecular weight of 146, containing two amino groups and five carbon atoms, the structure determines the which is capable of other amino acids, protein and nucleic acid synthesis provides a nitrogen source, also can be like glucose sample provides the oxidation of the carbon chain after the release of energy.
1.2 ?????????
1.2 the physiological role of glutamine
1.2.1 ??????????
Regulatory effect of 1.2.1 on intestinal structure
Gln ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2014????????? 1.5%?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Geddesk ??2008????????????????????????????????????????????????Lackeyram D ??2010???????2012??????? 1.00% ???????????????? 10 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????2009????????Gln ????????????????????????????????????? Gln ??????????????
Gln as a basic energy source exists in the lumen of gastrointestinal tract cells, as an indispensable nutrient elements involved in the metabolism of intestinal mucosal cells, and to ensure the integrity of the epithelial tissue. Liu Qiaoting (2014) in basal diet added 1.5% glutamine can significantly improve Du grew up nursery pig small intestine morphology development level, maintain the intestinal barrier function and integrity, can significantly reduce the weaning piglets after duodenal crypt depth. Early weaning usually reduces the expression of alkaline phosphatase in the small intestine, which has an adverse effect on the digestive absorption and health of the intestine (Geddesk et al., 2008). Recently, alkaline phosphatase was found to have a role in protecting the intestinal tract health, such as the role of the D Lackeyram and so on, which can protect the intestinal tract. A equality (2012) in experimental addition of 1.00% glutamine significantly improved the weaned after the 10 day brush border alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that glutamine can increase brush border alkaline phosphatase activity, so as to improve the apparent digestibility of nutrients. Huang Xiaoliang, (2009) results show that Gln can promote the development of small intestine of broiler chickens, improve intestinal length, weight and index are different degree, which the jejunum and ileum by Gln greater impact, the duodenum is relatively small.
1.2.2 ??????????
The regulatory effect of 1.2.2 on the immune system
?? Gln ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2005???????????????????????????????????????T ???????????? PHA ????????? 75.06 %?P<0.01??????????????????????????????????????????????????????2010????????????????? 1.2%????????????????????????????????P<0.05??????2006???????????????????????????? OVA?????????????????????????????????????? 1.2%.?????2015??????Gln ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gln,???????????????????????
With the increase of Gln concentration, the proliferation rate of lymphocytes increased significantly. Glutamine is the main product of lymphocyte metabolism. Glutamine is an important source of energy for lymphocytes. Why (2005) on early weaned piglets test results show that dietary glutamine supplementation in the experimental group the middle piece of jejunum mesentery lymph node T lymphocyte proliferation rate (stimulated by PHA) than the control group increased 75.06% (P < 0.01). When the immune stress of piglets, the immune organ index will decline, and there are studies to prove that the supplement of exogenous glutamine can improve the immune organ index. Chen Jing et al. (2010) showed that the spleen index, thymus index and mandibular lymph node index (P<0.05) of piglets were significantly promoted by the addition of 1.2% of glutamine in weaned piglets. Chen et al. (2006) test that glutamine can improve the early weaned piglets lymphocyte transformation rate and ova specific antibody titer and improve the immunity of the piglets, growth performance and immune function, glutamine best added dose of 1.2%. Wang cocoa (2015) experiment to prove Gln can resulted in restoration of immune stress in ducks of lysozyme activity decreased, improve the serum immunoglobulin levels, enhance serum antibody against avian influenza. Therefore, diets with Gln, can improve the body's immune function, and regulate the immune stress.
1.2.3 ?????
1.2.3 antioxidant effect
??????????????????????????????????????????2009??????? 1.0%Gln ?????? MDA??????????? SOD ?????????? GSH-Px ? SOD ???????? Gln ???????????????? ?????????????2006???????33±2?????????? 0.5%?8%Gln ????? 28 ? 35 ???????? GSH-Px ?????????? MDA ??????? SOD ?????????????2011?????????????????? 1.6%Gln ????? 28 ? 42 ?????????? T-AOC? MDA ?????????? Gln ?????????????????????????? Gln???????????????????2009??
There is a close relationship between lipid oxidation of meat and meat quality. Lipid oxidation is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of meat quality. Dong Jinge (2009) in the diets added 1.0%Gln had a tendency to decrease the content of MDA in muscle, improve the activity of SOD in muscle and significantly increase the activity of GSH PX and SOD in serum, so adding glutamine, contribute to the improvement of oxidation resistance of the chicken and prolong the shelf life of meat. Huang Guan Qing et al. (2006) study showed that (33 + 2) DEG C in the diet of adding 0.5%, 8%Gln can significantly improve the 28 and 35 days old yellow feather chicken blood GSH PX activity, significantly reduced the content of MDA in blood, but the blood SOD activity had no significant effect on. Wei Li Li (2011) test showed that, under conditions of heat stress, diet added 1.6%Gln can significantly improve 28 and 42 days old broilers serum and intestinal T-AOC and MDA content, indicating that the diet supplemented with GLN is conducive to improving the antioxidant properties of chicken serum and intestinal. In addition, the research shows that Gln can improve the meat quality, raise chicken flavor (Dong Jinge, 2009).
2 ?????????????
2 Application of glutamine in animal production
2.1 ????????
2.1 application in pig production
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????2012???????????? 1.00% ???????? 21 ???????????????????????????????????????????????2008?????? ? 28 ??????????? 1.0%?????????????????? ?????????? 1.5%???????????????2011???????????? 1%gGln ?????????? 0~21d ????????????????C3?C4 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2006????????? Gln ?????????????????????????????????????
Weaned piglets maternal of glutamine disappeared. When piglets epithelial from plasma and muscle endogenous glutamine is not sufficient to maintain epithelial integrity. The addition of glutamine in the diet can significantly reduce the damage caused by the weaning stress, and maintain the normal morphology and structure of the intestinal tract. Due to glutamine can improve gastrointestinal function of weaned piglets, Xiao equality (2012) were studied. The results show, the supplementation of 1.00% glutamine can improve the 21 day old weaned piglets were average daily gain weight, material weight ratio and dietary stem material, crude protein and amino acids apparent elimination rate and Apparent Metabolizable Energy. Feng Jun et al (2008) study found that adding in 28 day old weaned piglets was 1.0% glutamine to improve piglet growth performance is the best, when the glutamine content of 1.5%, piglets intake. Liu Tingting (2011) test shows that, in the diet added 1%gGln can significantly improve weaning after significant average daily gain (ADG) significantly improve the weaning piglets serum C3, C4 level and lysozyme activity and antioxidant capacity, also significantly improve the weaned piglet intestinal villus height, lower crypt depth reduction. With the increase of the amount of glutamine, glutamine could increase the daily gain, feed intake and feed intake of early weaned piglets (Chen Jing, 2006). In general, adding Gln can help improve the function and metabolism of the digestive tract, especially in the stress state, so as to improve the weight gain of the piglets.
2.2 ?????????
2.2 application in poultry production
???? Gln ?????????????????????????? 0.4%~0.8%? Gln ??????????????????????????2015???????2008?????? 0.2%?0.4 % Gln ?????????????????????????????????????????????? HI ????? 0.2 %???????????P<0 .05??Gln ????????? T ?????????? ? 0 .2 %????????????P<0.05???? Gln ??????????????????? ?? 0.2%???????Fasina ??2010???????? Gln ?????????????????????????????????????????????
Dietary supplementation with GLN can significantly increase meat duck ADG and ADFI, lower feed to gain ratio, which add 0.4%~0.8% Gln can reduce immune stress on meat ducks gain weight and feed intake (Wang coco 2015). Week linked higher (2008) in the diet added 0.2%, 0.4% Gln on broiler growth and slaughter performance good role in promoting, and can accelerate development in thymus and spleen, delay the degeneration of the bursa of Fabricius; high Newcastle disease HI titer and the 0.2% dosage increased most significantly (P < 0.05); Gln can enhance broiler peripheral blood T lymphocyte proliferation, to 0.2% of the dosage increased most significantly (P < 0.05), indicating that Gln can improve the production performance of broilers, and enhance immune function, of which 0.2% of the adding amount of good. Fasina (2010) reported that dietary Gln can significantly improve the infection of Salmonella in broiler body weight gain, but to improve broiler Salmonella colonization of the optimum adding amount has not been determined.
2.3 ???????????
2.3 Application in the production of the
????????????? Gln ??????????????? HSFP70 ?????????2015? ?????Gln ????????????????????? HSF-1mRNA ???????????????????? HSP70mRNA.
In recent years, the study found that exogenous Gln can enhance the expression of HSFP70 in many kinds of cells or tissues under stress. Zhang Xiangying et al. (2015) showed that Gln could promote the growth and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows, and induce the high expression of HSP70mRNA. in basal state via the transcriptional activity of HSF-1mRNA.
3 ??
3 Summary
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Gln ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
With the continuous improvement of the level of intensive livestock and poultry production, the demand for feed nutrition is also getting higher and higher, and nutrition regulation will be the main development direction in the future. In the production process, add exogenous Gln can improve the production performance of animals, especially in the prevention of neonatal intestinal villus atrophy, immune system disorders, leading to decline in production performance has gradually been applied. Many of the findings of the study suggest that maintain the concentration of glutamine in the body can relieve stress of livestock and poultry, improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, to improve the quality of meat and improve the immune function of organism, glutamine in livestock and poultry production has a good application prospect, but there are also some stability is not high, and the optimum adding amount not determination, dosage is large, the cost is high,. With the continuous development of science and technology, the application of glutamine in animal production will be better promotion.