Zhang Heng, is a model of ancient scholars in China, is one of the greatest scientists in history. He in the science as recorded the Lingxian "" Chang E flying to the moon "the myth of the story, and astronomy in the pure and beautiful myths and legends cleverly combined together, reflect the society of Han Dynasty astronomy knowledge and value orientation, carrying the heavy and rich cultural implication, provides a rare precious historical details for today. The story plot of the Lingxian "Chang'e flying to the moon", characters and at that time the social and cultural atmosphere delve into the abstruse, we can visually understand temperament of Zhang Heng person at the same time with the Confucian school humanistic nature and humanistic attribute, namely by Confucianism Neo Confucianism by the world and to Taoist Theory self moulding, glimpse to the Han Dynasty social, cultural and psychological binary division, growth and decline of each other, gradually blending the blend of cultural background of social ethics consciousness and value orientation.
Zhang Heng, a historical background of the integration of Confucianism and Taoism
Zhang Heng lived in the middle period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, erudite, has a very high literary attainments, the famed at the time and take home a long time of Broadcom. His great achievement is rooted in the social life of the Han Dynasty, which can not be separated from the influence and the influence of the thought and culture of the Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng's life, it can be said also that confucianism. As a stepping stone, the Confucian classics is the backbone of the ideology in the life of Zhang Heng; however Taoism to Zhang Heng is also show. Although in different periods, the growth and decline of each other, but the concept of integration of Confucianism and Taoism, complementarity is the live human nature of Zhang Heng.
Emperoryuan light year (134). Dong Zhongshu proposed "unification" of political thought, Emperor Wu of the appreciation, from the discussion, Confucianism domination, will not cure the Confucian classics too often Dr. shall be deposed, exclusion Huang Lao punishments hundreds of words from the official school outside and unique recruiting scholars hundreds of people. The Confucian doctrine thus became the official will, occupied the dominant position in the field of ideology, and became the orthodox idea of the feudal society. The court began to Confucianism to personnel selection, performance appraisal, officials, scholars Confucianism, Chongli Li Cao, Ming Xi classics, Confucian theories because of the queen and the popularization, due to the utilitarian and secular, and gradually form a revered Confucian Shang Wen, "official" a generation of fashion.
And in the pre Qin period already with initial scale and formed certain system, in Chinese seventh day for more than ten years once as the mainstream culture a yuan of Taoist culture, from the top of the temple suddenly fall, be arbitrarily exclusion to the edge of the society, the political mainstream culture. The classics of flourishing age until after the Eastern Han Dynasty and emperor, before declining. Taoist philosophy of life as a choice of seeking spiritual settle, extrication placebo and abstinence, being free and unfettered way of life, the design of life greatly meet the needs of humanity, encourage people to put on Confucianism cannot hope to find ideal home to settle down there in the Taoist. That time, the Taoist culture is not in the mainstream culture, but always exists.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty and social conditions show the trend of the overall decay, dukes without authorization, the eunuch dictatorship, both internal and external, natural and man-made disasters. In the turbulent age of the evil Fudan twilight and the scholar doctors precarious and deep awareness of the suffering of life become scholars common psychological. Out on the road to immortality and eclosion about alchemy admires asks, at the time of the Han Dynasty society filled with gods thinking strong trend, formed a Chong Xian is the ghost culture field. The great immortal thought directly or indirectly promote the heaven and earth spirits legend, yin and Yang, the five elements, Alchemist alchemy, Chenwei theology and original witchcraft these not stereotypes, not mature, not system still belongs to the low level of social consciousness, such as trickle like began to consciously pooled together, to gradually take shape the relative theory of systematic early Taoism return flow. Chinese native traditional religions of early Taoism, and began breeding team began brewing.
Zhang Heng's hometown, Nanyang basin, the South was annexed by Chu in the spring and autumn period. Chu occupied this piece of No Mi and rivers the land, here build "Wan Yi" as the state of Chu in the north of the border military heavy, and along the hundreds of kilometers of Nanyang basin to build China's earliest Chu of the Great Wall, great wall. Wan Yi become Chu meticulously, the North Central Plains, the mastermind with painstaking effort bridgehead. At the time of the Nanyang Basin by the multiple effects of the ancient culture of Chu witch, believe in ghosts, Xian, the ascension, etc. many of his thought, wind Shamanism extremely prosperous. The primitive religious thought long stretches of streams, not only in the historical literature of later generations can record spread, and in the portrait stone of Han Dynasty in Nanyang are in the form of image to be image of the carving. In such a cultural atmosphere, Zhang Heng accepted the Taoist thought can almost be said to be born. He is "calmly quiet", the "not admiring the world", "not good handover laity" and "called tired should not be" such as style, and Taoist ideology and culture has a natural harmony between. In a letter to Zhang Heng has been appreciated his right near the "Chen Deng stallion and the book" said nearly:
"Penglai, the ancient Taoist history, expensive. Balance and then the right, I was fortunate to steal." Penglai, [1] represents the cultural institutions of the Eastern Han Dynasty Luoyang east view, is in the court file hoarding, classics and engaged in school books, the place. Zhang Heng think Taishiling Taoist advocated by the title, if re elected, it is his honor, so ask, near Heron Deng help reinstated Taishiling. It can be clearly seen that Zhang Heng's acceptance of the Taoist thought is his own. In Zhang Heng's many literature as such as ode of Beijing Second, ode to the South and "Sai Xuan Fu", he often cited Chu culture in polytheism views and early Taoism myth data. This is not only Han Fu to waste, Li Hong Yanzhi pen show the prosperous one of the vastness of the characteristics, is also the ancient Chu culture, pre Qin Taoism and early Taoism primitive religious thought of common infiltration results, embodies Zhang as a social person by the time limitation of the ancient way of thinking and the influence of the regional culture.
Two, "Lingxian" the moon ""
The Lingxian book by the Zhang Hengcheng in the Eastern Han Dynasty is comprehensive summary of Zhang astronomy theory and thought, is our country ancient times in the history of astronomy, the most prominent of classics. The posterity know Zhang Heng's achievements in astronomy, except for his armillary sphere, main basis is the Lingxian. " The Lingxian "the original book has scattered, North and south toward the beam generation Liuzhao notes the astronomy of Hanshu" cited record, which can be handed down to posterity. Liuzhao lead recorded in tribute to Zhang Heng "astronomical wonderful, Guanjue generation". We see today, Zhang Heng in the Lingxian this article the rigorous scientifically in, in the narration of the sun, the moon and the characteristics of chapters, deliberately arranged in the "Chang'e flying to the moon" the myth of the story:
"Yi please immortality to the queen mother of the west, Huan e steals to the moon. Going to have yellow gold, divination. Huang Zhanzhi said: "Ji Gui Mei, elegant, unique to west, every day is not the fear of dark Mans, surprise, and dachang. "Huan e then holds the body to the month, is the toad." (2) the moon is China's best-known famous myths and legends. Lishan "anthology, Yuefu note cited guicang said:" past the goddess of the moon to the West Queen Mother of the deathless medicine, hence the moon, is fine. " (3) "guicang" is the Shang Dynasty, "easy", the original book already lost. In March 1993, Hubei Jiangling Jingzhou Zhen Qiu Cun Bei Wang Taiwan 15 Qin tomb unearthed 813 pieces of bamboo slips, which has guicang Jane 394 gold, about 4000 words [4]. According to research, bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty No. 307th: "" his sister said: "the Heng Wo (Heng E) I do not die......" No. 201st for bamboo slips of the Qin dynasty:"...... (rush), and style (gold) accounted for......" The two is "easy" Jane guicang "Moon" story book (5). "Qin Gui Mei" the fairy tale produced during the early in the Warring States period (6).
Except in wangjiatai Qinjian guicangyi "Gui Mei" divination outside, in the masterpieces of ancient literature can see on the moon "the earliest written record, found in the beginning of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the second year of Jianyuan (139) the book" Huai Nan Zi and offerings in relation to training, ":" Piruo Yi please not dead medicine to the queen mother of the west, er stolen by acclamation, disappointed funeral, to be continued. " Gaoyou note says: "Er Yi, wife. Yi please immortality in unexpected service, Queen Mother of the west, er stealing food, have Xian, running into the mid month, for." (7) this is the most basic version of the story ". Roughly means: Yi from the queen mother of the West obtained the Xianyao immortal, the wife constant e eating, fly to the moon, Yi so disappointed if lost. Unfortunately, no longer get longevity of the drug. "Huainanzi" in order to avoid the taboo of the Han Emperor Liu, the constant e "constant" word change for woman next to the word "Heng", then simply change and "constant" agree "regular", later evolved into "Chang". Obviously, the Lingxian "" Chang E flying to the moon "and" Huainan Zi "" Chang E flying to the moon "is the relationship between before and after the Chaintech. But Zhang Heng through bold imagination, creation, and added a "goddess in the moon for", "yellow words of divination" and "Avatar toad" story. It is due to the details of Zhang Heng deliberately added, making moon fairy tale the concise language rich, let text behind the screen is also smart. Although Zhang Heng in the Lingxian relates to "the moon lady" text only 77 words, words are simple, but in the language of ancient moon myths and legends of abundance and text rheological history in a relatively important position, plays a unique role as a connecting link between the preceding and the following.
Three, yellow divination speech, Zhang Heng created wonderful
In the Lingxian, Zhang Heng the pure sciences of astronomy and beautiful fairy clever arrangement, combining together, impressive. However, under Zhang Heng's pen, has swallowed the moon why "Immortality elixir alone will go west"? Why should "hold the body in the month"? And the final result is "for the toad"? All sorts of questions, thought.
Contemporary mythology expert yuan Ke Mr. helped bring the Lingxian "" Chang'e flying to the moon "literal translation is: Yi, the husband of the goddess in the moon, through the hardships of obtain the undead Xianyao, where the queen mother of the West. Chang e eating Xianyao perturbed mind, went to call yellow shaman divination divination, yellow for the result is "good luck", and told: "a smart girl. She went alone to far to the west, in the way when he met the day faints star is dark, also need not worry about without fear, meant to be in the future is Odai Masamori." The goddess of the moon after listen to great relief, for the sake of immortality and steal Xianyao, can not think of because of the notoriety of the selfish, but the ultimate incarnation as the ugly toad [8]. The author reading after benefited, but not agree, burglary that Mr. Yuan Ke only myth from the perspective given textual research, while ignoring the objective background of Zhang Heng profound astronomy knowledge.
The key detail here is "yellow words of divination". Yellow, and Shun with the era of the wizard, a prophet of divination. The ancients believed that they can be proficient in the wizard, traffic ghosts, people can rely on witchcraft praying. But Zhang Heng recorded "yellow words of divination" but doubt lot, because to "dancing Gui Mei" to describe the goddess of the moon, in the situation in science are illogical. Kong Yingda Shu "Zhouyi" Gui Mei Gua "cloud:" that woman said to marry, his sister was married sister also." 9 Hou Yi has become the wife of the Chang E is clearly in here is not known as the "return sister". But if we put the "Gui Mei" into the moon, you can click into place. "Gui Mei" analogy to the moon, "will be the westbound" refers to the moon rises in the East and sets in the west, running to the west, and every day the unlucky awn, surprised no fear, the Dachang "is the description of the image of the night sky in the operation of the moon eclipse phenomenon. We understand that this should be in line with the original intention of Zhang Heng. Because Zhang Heng in the Lingxian "in the chapter on and text arrangement, is after the moon followed by describes his observations of the moon eclipse phenomenon:" husband, end shape and clean the matter. The intrinsic light, moonlight shine on was born, the word soul was born in japan. On the day of the light, on the day of the light. The stars are shining, because of the water. In the day of the red, light is often not the same, in the land also, is that the dark. In the star is small, in the case of a lunar eclipse." Zhang Heng believes that in the sky at the time of the day and the moon and the other, there will be a dark area that is not light, which is called the dark, Zhang Heng. When the moon is running in the night sky, when the moon enters the dark void area, there will be a lunar eclipse. It is not scary at the time of the lunar eclipse, and there is no need to panic, for this is the end of the period after a period of time, the moon will still return to the light. Xu Shen "ShuoWenJieZi" said: "the 'Chang': from from japan. One day the sun is also. "Poem" said: 'the East is prosperous. '"[11] Zhang Heng pen is yellow the words of divination in" post and Dachang "," Chang "here is not prosperous, but a bright, daylight. Has a high literary attainments of Zhang Heng in the Lingxian "given" a yellow words of divination "astronomical meaning to, borrow the cause discussion and description of the eclipse is the deliberate, is taken for granted and logical. Maybe we can speculate this is because of the myth of "the moon lady", great inspiration and interest of Zhang Heng to observe the moon, through careful observation of moon phases and lunar eclipses and summed up eclipse "dark empty.
Four, the embodiment of the toad, the Confucian orthodoxy
Beautiful chang e steal Xianyao clothes, all the way to become an immortal, ben to, it would be "toad". The final outcome, surprising. Toad for amphibians, nocturnal, body short and wide, the surface of many layers of a knot in one's heart, slow, cannot jump, not to tweet, because of their shape ugly, so called toad. Mr. Yuan Ke once said: "to describe the ugly ugly toad, visible perception of the ancients for it. Presumably, also have condemned the meaning in which ". [12] Chang is the ancient and modern with the reputation of the beauty, flying to the moon has become the embodiment of this ugly creatures, Zhang Heng why the details of the creation? We speculate which implied that Zhang Heng Confucianism ethics consciousness and value orientation of orthodox values.
The Han Dynasty is an important period for the formation of confucianism. Goddess in the moon betrayed husband theft of the deathless medicine misty in heaven alone immortal behavior, and then Chongli Yi in Han Dynasty, re - education culture out of tune, and Han Dynasty advocated women's ethics and code of conduct antipathetic, certainly is contrary to the Confucian scholar Zhang Heng's life value concept, making it extremely hatred and disgust. Perhaps look in Zhang Heng, chang e the misconduct is to suffer the scourge, is to pay a heavy price, is subject to permanent condemnation of social morality. Therefore, the moon superior peerless beauty fairy in Zhang Heng's pen was caricatured as disgusting ugly toad. The moon, the incarnation of toad. The brutal verdict is undoubtedly of treasure appearance of young women the most severe punishment, direct express Zhang Heng undisguised blame and punishment in Italy. Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty "month" wine asked said: "the rabbit pound medicine autumn Fuchun, ER and forlorn who pity?" Du Fu "Moon" cloud: "consider Er widowed, cold resistant 9 autumn." Li Shangyin "Moon" in the poem: "I regret to steal a panacea, bihaiqingtian heart every night." These lines show that, due to misconduct and suffered the cold moon lonely treatment is still popular in the Tang Dynasty is at least.
From this, we can even speculation and try to figure out the Zhang Heng seismograph is developed in why can only choose toad to wait for the original intention of knocking on the door of the dragon ball. Toad proudly mouth, though only seismograph is the design of a small details, but we have reason to believe that also reflects the cultural psychology of the designer. Made of refined copper seismograph in organs, external casting dragon, dragon at the top, long Zui's title in the copper shot, the leading points set toad as frightening faceup opening to wait undertake shaped, in the event of an earthquake, long Zui copper pill will fall into the mouth of toad, the so-called "machine hair spits the pill, the title of the toad." When people pick up pills, so as to know the time and range of earthquake. The "Moon" myth certainly impressed Zhang Heng.
Obviously, we only from the Lingxian "in the records of the myths and legends to the humanistic attribute of Zhang Heng, a glimpse of life is erudite cultural connotation of Confucianism and Taoism school, is not comprehensive enough. Although leaf and Zhiqiu, this observation because, through the Lingxian "" Chang'e flying to the moon "given the historical details, still directly or implicitly refraction out in Han Dynasty Confucianism and Taoism school mutual growth and decline, tends to be the fusion of the culture integration under the background of social ethical consciousness and the cultural value orientation.
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