Executive summary概要
在一些亚洲国家,性别失衡是普遍的,这样很难获得平等权利的女性在生存和发展方面:重男轻女,医学技术的发展,和缺少性别视角在公共政策都可以强化性别失衡程度加重,婚姻挤压,增加数量的单身汉,挑战现有强迫婚姻和家庭模式,形成隐患为社会的稳定性,探讨了性别多样化在性别平等将是一个点的问题,澳大利亚论文和关注性和公共健康已经成为一个新的倾向。这总结从现状和前景的性别比例失衡、婚姻和家庭,婚姻挤压和强迫的单身汉,变化的经济发展和文化、性别和妇女的权利、性别和公共卫生、公共政策和管理”和其他主要的观点,以显示主要的进步,新的视野,关注性别平等的研究,总结了该领域的发展方向在未来。
son pReference, the development of medical technology and the lack of gender perspective in public policies all can intensify the gender imbalance，aggravating the degree of marriage squeeze，increasing the number of forced bachelors, challenging the existing marriage and family patterns，and forming hidden danger for social stability．The discussion on the sex diversification in gender equity is turning out to be a point of concerns, and the concern about sex and public health has become a new tendency．This paper summarizes from the situation and prospects of gender imbalance, marriage and family, marriage squeeze and forced bachelors, changes of economic development and cultural, sex and women's rights, sex and public health, public policy and management" and other major views, so as to show the main progress, new horizons and focus in the research of gender equality, and sums up the development direction of the field in the future.
Table of contents目录
Executive summary…………………………………………………………………...1
1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………...3
2. The inequality situation of gender………………………………………………3
2.1 The deficiency of survival and developmental rights of women……………...….4
2.2 The reason of the deficiency……………………………………………………...5
3. Gender imbalance and social sustainable development…………………….…5
3.1 Gender imbalance and forced bachelors………………………………...……..…6
4. Sex and reproductive health…………………………………………………….7
4.1 The appearance and development of sex diversification………………………....7
4.2 The diversity of forced bachelors and public health…………………………...…8
4.3 Under the perspective of diversity all kinds of people and public health…….…..9
5. Public policies………………………………………………………………….....9
6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….…10
7. References………………………………………………………………………11.
6. Conclusion
Gender inequality exists generally in some Asian countries and regions with a various forms: Women's survival and development rights have been damaged; gender imbalance caused serious marriage squeeze and massive forced batchers, thus their welfare obvious is different from the married men, distress economy let them become the new vulnerable group, also increase the probability of occurrence of such illegal and criminal behavior like the mercenary marriage, wedding scams, and threaten the existing marriage, family, social stability; The sexual diversity is becoming an irrepressible, there are sexual diversification in India, Bangladesh, and China. In the public policy and management, international organizations, governments and civil society all spare no effort to through the legal and policy to promote gender equality, but because of the rooted traditional concept, lack of policy implementation, and the undeserved project design cause the resistance of gender equality work. Therefore, gender equality in the future research and practice still continues to make efforts in the following
p;发展权利受损;性别失衡造成了严重的婚姻挤压和大规模强制batchers,因此他们的福利明显不同于已婚男人,窘迫的经济让他们成为新的弱势群体,也增加了发生概率这样的违法犯罪行为像买卖婚姻,骗婚,威胁到现有的婚姻、家庭、社会稳定;性多样性正成为一个不可抑制,还有性多元化在印度,孟加拉国,中国。在公共政策和管理、国际组织、各国政府和公民社会都不遗余力地通过法律和政策来促进性别平等,但由于传统观念的根深蒂固的、缺乏政策的实施,以及不当的项目设计的阻力造成性别平等工作。因此,性别平等在今后的研究和实践仍继续在以下几方面做出努力。
7. References
"Asingleman"Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population, Valerie M. Hudson and Andrea M. den Boer (2004)
Civil Rights for Sexual Diversities (CR4SD) A rights advocacy group based in Hong Kong
David M. Heer and Amyra Grossbard-Shechtman "The Impact of the Female Marriage Squeeze and the Contraceptive Revolution on Sex Roles and the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States, 1960 to 1975," Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43(1): 49-65, 1981
For studies reveal underreporting or delayed reporting of female births in China, see Merli MG, Raftery AE (February 1990). "Are births underreported in rural China? Manipulation of statistical records in response to China's population policies" Demography 37 (1): 109–26. Doi: 10.2307/2648100. JSTOR 2648100 PMID 10748993 and Yong Cai, William Lavely (Fall 2003) "China's Missing Girls: Numerical Estimates and Effects on Population Growth". The China Review 3 (2): 13–29.
Kristof, Nicholas and Sheryl WuDunn Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunities for Women Worldwide. Knopf, 2009 ISBN 978-0-307-26714-6
Oster, Emily; Chen, Gang; Yu, Xinsen; Lin, Wenyao (2008) "Hepatitis B Does Not Explain Male-Biased Sex Ratios in China". Retrieved 19 May 2009
"Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Child Population, India 2011" Office of Census Commissioner, Government of India Ministry of Home Affairs
A summary of the International Symposium on Gender and Sustainable Social Development 2011 (Institute for Population and Development Studies，School of Public Policy and Administration．Xi’an Jiao tong University，Xi 7an 710049，China)