Semen Lepidii cruciferous plant sowing dry mature seed of Descurainia sophia L. Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. Ex Prantl. (DSW) or Lepidium Lepidium apetalum Willd. (Law). When the fruit is ripe, the plant is cut and dried, and the seed is rubbed out. 前者习称南葶苈子，后者习称北葶苈子[1].葶苈子始载于《神农本草经》，列为下品，中医理论认为其能泻肺平喘，利水消肿，主要用于痰涎壅滞、咳喘痰多、喘息不得卧及水肿、悬饮、小便不利等[2].葶苈子在临床上应用广泛，疗效明显，多用于治疗胸腹积水，肺水肿，哮喘，以及各类型的心脏疾患导致的心力衰竭[3].有学者总结了葶苈子的妙用[4]及用于治疗心衰的经验[5].复方中首屈一指的是汉代医家张仲景首创的葶苈大枣泻肺汤及己椒苈黄丸，治疗“支饮不得息”及“水走肠间，沥沥有声”[6],而现在有学者运用葶苈大枣泻肺汤来治疗慢性肾炎并胸腔积液[7]及中毒性肺水肿[8]; 也有学者运用己椒苈黄丸合黄体酮治疗肝硬化腹水[9],效果较好。
Throughout recent years of Tinglizi research reports, the author found that the study is less and scattered, and a lot of literature on the north and South Tinglizi reported ambiguous. This article from herbal textual research, variety identification, processing research, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, content analysis, toxicity and so on of Tinglizi current general situation of the research review, the in-depth research and development to provide reference.
1 textual research
Tinglizi was contained in the "Shen Nong's herbal classic". "" set: "Li Mingyi bielu Pyeongtaek and field in Gaocheng, after the summer harvest, dry in the shade." Tao Hongjing in the "compendium of Materia Medica variorum" said: "the most wins in Pengcheng, this is a shortcut. The mother is also male chestnut. Son fine yellow to bitter, use it as a boil." Lei Xiao in "broiled on" pointed out: "do not make any red whiskers, really similar, just taste slightly bitter ear. The pain of Tinglizi, into the top also." Su Song in "map" in the said: "today, Shaanxi Hebei County, near the East all have, especially who wins the. The spring seedling leaves, six or seven inches high, like mustard, white roots, stems are green.
March flower, micro yellow. Pod, as small as a grain of millet flat sub micro long, yellow. [10] "Xie Zong Wan ancient herbal said Tinglizi origin of Gaocheng (Zhengding, Hebei), Caozhou, Shandong Heze), Pengcheng (Jiangsu Tongshan) and the classified Materia Medica" Caozhou draba diagram, verify the ancient and modern medicine, draw the seeds of Cruciferae L. apetalum for traditional medicine with genuine mainstream of Tinglizi conclusion. The author refers to the annals of Chinese plant of seeding nianghao and Lepidium plant descriptions and pictures, according to judge the Caozhou draba figure in plant leaf and short pod shape, is Tinglizi genuine Lepidium (Law).
Although tujing Materia Medica "also contains:" and have a dog mustard grass and discrimination under the leaf Jingen, the slender horned, take must respectively the two ", indicating that in the Song Dynasty has a silique types as draba confused species. In the wake of the materia medica gradually appeared in the sweet, Lepidium said, but of the two difference many doctors only stay in taste and efficacy. Kou Zongshi in Materia Medica Yanyi "has made it clear to draba into bitter, sweet two kinds, that" Tingli sweet, bitter two, its shape is one also. The word taste hard, namely sweet no longer more medicine ". Wang Haogu in the herbal decoction" pointed out both can be used as medicine, but attending different, "bitter sweet taste 2, attending different. Zhong Jing Xie Tang lung soup with bitter, Yu Fang or useful sweet, or a sweet bitter. It is sweet, bitter or, less slow, with the actual amount of the patient, to be careful. Although treatment with herbal and bitter sweet taste, Andrew different?" [13]
Wang Haogu lishizhen endorsed the statement, "two kinds of joys and sorrows, as morning glory, black and white, quick and slow different; and such as pot of Lou, second bittersweet taste, good poison also vary. Probably sweet discharged slowly, although xiefei and not to hurt the stomach; bitter discharged the impatient, both Xie lung and easily hurt the stomach, so in jujube assisted. " [14] Li Shizhen in the sweet, Lepidium plant source is put forward on the "real leaves are like a mustard, mustard dog. But the dog is also carry mustard. There are two kinds of sweet and bitter Tingli cover. The dog mustard taste slightly sweet, sweet is also tinglizi. Or cloud Descurainia is pennycress seed test, its function also like otherwise." [14]
Xie Zong Wan that sowing the seeds of Descurainia sophia L. (DSW) may be a [11] of the Ming Dynasty Descurainia, now on the market mainstream commodity is this. But as Descurainia say more confusion, such as pennycress seed, shepherd's purse sub ancient also has mixed Descurainia who said, thus combining the current market mainstream products, can only say that Descurainia may be Descurainia sophia (DSW).
2010 version of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia" the cruciferous plant Lepidium and seeding nianghao seeds listed as genuine Tinglizi, but Descurainia sophia's "bitter sweet said" has been more confusion, such as the commonly used Chinese herbal medicine atlas to Lepidium said sweet draba, seeding nianghao called "Lepidium" [15]; and "Chinese Dictionary" the Lepidium known as "Lepidium" sowing tansymustard known as "Descurainia". To further standardize the Descurainia sophia's name and convenience goods circulation, the author supports the description of the "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", general north-south said.
2 species identification
2.1 identification of Tinglizi and its adulterants
Because of Tinglizi form small, the naked eye is not easy to observe, confused origins and different families in Chinese herbal medicine circulation in the field of Che Qianzi, son, son of Plantago depressa Prunella have reported [17]. and for a long time, many plants belong to the same family, such as the Lepidium overcup alone for food, column gland Lepidieae, Lepidium latifolium, flixweed genus draba nemorosa var.leiocarpa, Jintang Tingli, even with a different genus Erysimum genus Erysimum cheiranthoides, wild mustard, sugar sugar, sugar mustard mustard grey, pennycress genus pennycress, Rorippa genus Rorippa, Jiang scissors grass, rice mustard a plant of the genus Cardamine, Samantabhadra, paddy field mustard dish music branch broken mustard, mustard, mustard and other rice rice grass [18], the seed size and color are similar and Tinglizi, or as substitutes in use, but most doping in the original is not easy to distinguish. Due to form tiny Tinglizi, Yang Yonglin [19] to identify when concentrating on three points: shape, color and water features, authentic Tinglizi "long" and "red", "sticky". Mei fang Ma [J] will also modern analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscope, chromatography, spectrometry method is applied to Ting Li Zi the differential.
Identification of 2.2 north and south, Tinglizi.
"Chinese herbal medicine and ethnic medicine chromatogram" description of North and South Tinglizi character identification are: Descurainia appears oblong slightly oblate, ca. 1 mm, width of about 0. 5mm. Surface brown or reddish brown, slightly shiny, with longitudinal sulcus 2, which a is obvious. The blunt end. On the other side retuse or truncate, concave end of hilum, slightly pungent, bitter in taste, slightly viscous; Lepidium apetalum Willd is flat egg shape, long 1 - 1. 5 mm, width of 0. 5 ~ 1 mm, surface brown or reddish brown, slightly shiny, with longitudinal sulcus 2, which a obvious, the blunt end, on the other end of the tip and retuse, white, with the hilum concave end, odorless, slightly spicy taste, viscous strong [J]. Both the main differential points is:
Oblong of semen Lepidii slightly flat, smaller, at the other end of the seed is truncate; Lepidium apetalum Willd flat oval, the seed is bigger, on the other end of the tip. At the same time, in view of the north and South Tinglizi expansion degree different, through the observation of water after soaking transparent mucus layer to identify: semen Descurainiae transparent mucus layer is thin and the thickness is about seed width of less than 1 / 5; Lepidium apetalum Willd transparent mucus layer thickness and the thickness can be more than 1 / 2 the seed width. In addition, [23] can be distinguished by microscopic identification and physicochemical identification.
In recent years, scanning electron microscope (SEM), chromatography, spectrometry modern analytical techniques in the identification of semen Lepidii application, to solve the problem of the tiny seed, appearance identification and tissue sections of the difficulties, the traditional method is difficult to accurately discern the, such as infrared spectrum to identification of North and South Tinglizi, method is simple, accurate degree high [24]; micro morphological identification is easy to operate, distinguishing feature obviously [25].
3 processing research
3.1 net system
Tinglizi since the beginning of the song is "water net, sun dry" ("Tai Ping Sheng Hui Fang"), "soil" (records of the chicken peaks Puji side "), and the emergence of the" water net "," wash "to" wine wash "and" wine Amoy net "of evolution. Both Lepidium is Descurainia sophia for medicinal purposes, because it meets the soaked sticky, were unable to water washing, suggesting that the possibility of early water net system is not the current North and South Tingli son may encounter water not sticky other varieties. Modern has "such as too dirty, can spray a small amount of wine, with hand rub, not water, water is sticky" and history clearly recorded "wine wash", "wine wash", may be the same species.
3.2 processing
As the seed of drugs, Tinglizi since Han Dynasty have the medicine work after record. Because of its small and met soaked sticky, today's clinical Decoction formula, are not crushed, and fried dumplings requirements, in order to avoid the mucus quality too soluble mission decoction has thickened or influence other medicinal ingredients dissolution. But the package of Tinglizi itself after frying ingredients dissolution is affected is reported.
History data shows that the semen Lepidii since the Shennong Bencao Jing "was originally recorded medicine since. Its products are used as medicine majority; preparation method to fry the main. Semen Lepidii traditional frying method accumulated "across the paper fried", "wine good" and "glutinous rice and stir" experience, although difficult to apply in the modern production and processing, but to control Tinglizi fry extent provides valuable experience. History while a few records serofluid, Diospyros lotus, cream, vinegar, steamed method of, and now almost no use. Semen descuraniae fried products in the long-term medical practice has gradually become the mainstream of medicinal specifications, be included in the 2010 version of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", "according to stir frying method to crack" [1], the fry extent recorded in many micro fry, stir fry, fried yellow, fried purple, stir fry.
On the processing function, the ancient literature record is less. Modern "processing of traditional Chinese medicine" summary for crude force fast and fierce, reducing discharge of lung function strong, longer than the benefits of water swelling, suitable for empirical, for in water stagnation and systemic edema; fried medicinal detente, to avoid injury of lung qi, for real, relying on virtual patients to cough dyspnea, ascites fullness. Modern Tinglizi before and after processing the efficacy material and the change also has a few reports, such as Liu Bo. [28] found north of Tinglizi fried products of Sinigrin content is product 1. 77 times, fried Sinigrin content in extracts of water is the water decocted liquid of goods of 2. 73 times.
Mei fang Ma [29] reported that the South Tinglizi different processed products have obvious antitussive, expectorant, diuretic effect and its acute toxicity is low. Yu Jinxi [30] reports of Tinglizi microwave processed products can replace the traditional system of fried products. But the current of Tinglizi study of modern processing is still relatively weak, in before and after processing the whole composition changes, changes in efficacy and processing mechanism, more efforts are needed.
4 chemical composition
Has from Lepidium and sowing tansymustard isolated glucosinolate (1 7) and isothiocyanate (8 ~ 17) and mustard glycosides (18 ~ 20), flavonoids (21 ~ 43), strong heart glucoside class (44 ~ 48), styrene acrylic cephalosporins (49 ~ 60), organic acids (61 ~ 70), other (71 85) and fatty oils and 85 kinds of chemical composition, see Table 1. Generally speaking, of sowing study on chemical constituents of Artemisia Niang to more Lepidium, which may associated with a mainstream products on the market of Descurainia sophia.
4.1 - and ISO - sulfur
Glucosinolate is a sulfur anion hydrophilic secondary metabolic product, which is widely distributed in plants of Cruciferae in [31], in recent years, studies have shown that glucosinolate glucoside in anticancer, plant defense, and flavor formation has important role. Cruciferous plants glucosinolates and glucose glucosinolate enzyme (commonly known as the myrosinase enzyme) to form thio glucoside glucose glucosinolate enzyme system, when the tissues and cells are damaged, the glucosinolate myrosinase the hydrolysis of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates and other degradation products. Epidemiological data show that the isothiocyanates from cruciferous vegetables of rodent animal liver cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric precancerous have obvious blocking effect [33]. As a characteristic component of cruciferous plants, has broadcast from Descurainia sophia L. and Lepidium CPC isolated seven glucosinolate (1 ~ 7), 10 isothiocyanate acid (8 ~ 17), its name, chemical structure, the original plants information, see Table 1 and figure 1.
4.2 flavonoids
All flavonoid constituents of semen Descurainiae and Lepidium apetalum Willd, the parent nucleus to quercetin, isorhamnetin element, kaempferol three mainly, and flavonoid glycosides containing mustard acyl, which may in a certain extent illustrate the Lepidium and seeding nianghao and medicine of rationality. But both of them have some differences, semen Lepidii of flavonoid glycosides in sugar and glycoside, and Lepidium apetalum Willd multi to single glucoside mainly. Up to now were reported 23 such components, see Table 1, figure 2. The pharmacopoeia in the content of quercetin from beta D-glucose -7-O- beta D gentian diglucoside (27) to control and evaluate the quality of semen Lepidii.
4.3 cardiac glycosides
Tinglizi moderate cardiac glycosides (44 ~48) is the earlier research component, but so far no more relevant reports.
4.4 class of styrene
The present data show that the main components of the main components of the (49), ~51 (50) and some simple (54 ~ 60), see Table 3.
4.5 organic acids
In addition, many small molecule organic acids (61 ~70) were also isolated.
4.6 fat oil
Lockwood G B, Afsharypuor S[36-37] such as broadcast from Descurainia sophia L. identified out of 10 kinds of fatty acids, 17 fatty hydrocarbon components, 42 volatile components, the cis - beta ocimene, menthol, neoisomenthylacetate, alloaromadendrene and the long leaf cyclo - hexene amount of the most abundant and volatile components mainly monoterpenes, half terpenoids and derivatives. On seeding nianghao seeds ethanol extracts of petroleum ether extract of fatty oil were chemical composition analysis, 34 compounds were identified, which was found to have a higher content of unsaturated fatty acid and unsaturated esters. Of Descurainia sophia whole plant volatile oil were analyzed. It is found that the main terpenoids alkenes, ketones, esters, alkanes and fatty oil, which terpene content most abundant.
Hai Yu Zhao [53] found Lepidium apetalum Willd essential oil components are the main aromatic compounds, which in the mass fraction of phenylacetonitrile was the highest; and benzyl thiocyanate ester composition in mass fraction and types of obviously compared with semen Descurainiae less. In addition, Lepidium fatty oil contains large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, and semen Descurainiae oil components of high consistency.
4.7 other classes
From the isolated amide (71) and furfural (72), chromone (73), beta sitosterol class (74 ~ 77) and nucleoside (83 ~ 84) and other components, see Table 1, figure 4. In addition, sowing nianghao seeds also contain rich iron, zinc, manganese, copper and other trace elements [56-57] and carbohydrate composition. From Descurainia sophia on the ground are isolated 15 kinds of amino acids.
5 pharmacological effects
5.1 improve cardiovascular function
5 1.1 inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling of semen Descurainiae water extract can inhibit the mouse and rat cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, the mechanism may be related to inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system excitability and inhibition of Ang I, ALD and other neuroendocrine activation mechanism about [61]. further study shows that, the pressure by inhibiting ventricular remodeling the load of rat RAAS and sympathetic nervous system activity, reduce the neuroendocrine Ang II, ET, ALD generation and inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling [62]; through inhibiting cardiac aldosterone synthesis related gene CYP11B1, CYP11B2 expression level of mRNA, reduce the incidence of [63] transforming growth factor beta 1 and synthesis inhibition of ventricular remodeling; reduce blood pressure load in rats, inhibit myocardial cell hypertrophy, reduce the cross-sectional area of left ventricular myocytes; reduce interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition, improve myocardial structure of [64]. rat ventricular remodeling
5. 1. 2 strong heart function through the frog heart and heart, cat in vivo that East China Tinglizi (i.e. semen Lepidii) and Lepidium sub L. virginicum (scientific name Lepidium virginicum) have strong heart function [65]; by of Rana guentheri, guinea pig, cat, rabbit, dove in vivo that Descurainia sophia seeds have a strong heart function, scholars have suggested that should be attributed to the strong heart medicine [66], the absorption and accumulation and digitalis similar. In addition, Lepidium apetalum Willd L. apetalum Willd., namely, Lepidium seed, ethanol extract can enhance myocardial contractility in rabbit heart, the heart of the cat, rabbit electrocardiogram P wave observation showed low and "digitalis type" two-way T wave, so that it may have a strong heart function [67]. North Tinglizi water extract has obvious strong heart and increase coronary flow, without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption [68]; chloroform extract North Tinglizi ethanol extract of the isolated toad heart contraction amplitude increase, and significantly improve the cardiac ejection function in anesthetized rabbits, increase blood output; n-butanol only can speed up the respiration in anesthetized rabbits, which Tinglizi glycoside (47) may be one of the effective components of [69].
In addition, draba glycosides (47) on monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension model rats of experimental shows it can significantly reduce rat right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular diastolic blood pressure and mean pulmonary artery pressure, which may pepperweed seed to reduce pulmonary arterial hypertension is the main mechanism of a [70].
5.2 cytotoxic effect
南葶苈子中的毒毛旋花子苷元（ 45） 和异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（ 25） 均有极强的细胞毒活性，其中 45 对人低分化胃癌 BGC-823 细胞株、人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-435 细胞株具有显着细胞毒活性，IC50为 2. 25 ×10- 2,0. 142 mg·L- 1,对前列腺癌 PC-3M-1E8 细胞株、人肝癌 Bel-7402 细胞株和人宫颈癌 Hela 细胞株具有细胞毒活性（ IC50为 4.48,2.34,0. 541 mg·L- 1） ;25 对人急性白血病 HL-60 细胞株有细胞毒活性（ IC50为2.24 mg·L- 1）[40].独行菜种子中的伊夫单苷（ 46） 显示对胃癌（ SYU-1a） 、结肠癌（ SYU-C4b） 、肝癌（ SYU-354c） 3 种癌细胞株具有细胞毒活性，IC50分别为 0.003,0.03,1.24 mg·L- 1[46].苯甲基硫苷（ 4） 可阻断动物体内Ⅰ相酶（ 如 CYP 酶） ,使致癌物不能生物转化，从而起抗癌作用[45].
5.3 relieving cough
The theory of Chinese medicine Tinglizi can xiefei Pingchuan, mainly for phlegm stagnation, phlegm cough, wheezing insomnia syndrome. Modern research found Lepidium seed total flavone extract has the role of antagonist of PAF, for its traditional application provides certain scientific basis [71]. In addition, compound Tinglizi capsule can significantly increase the mouse trachea row of phenol red secretion, through increased secretion of tracheal gland tissue, sputum viscosity decreased and reached expectorant effect, the ammonia fog stimulation induced cough as well as obvious effect in relieving cough [72].
5.4 diuretic effect
TCM theory holds that Tinglizi can benefit water swelling, for edema, urine negative syndrome, suspended drink. Modern pharmacological research show that semen Descurainiae water extraction liquid of high and middle dose group can significantly increase the urine volume in the rat with congestive heart failure, compared with the model group, the difference is very significant (P < 0. 01); Tinglizi high, middle dose group, urinary Na +, Cl - excretion amount compared with the model group increased significantly (P < 0. 01), drainage were obviously decreased (P < 0.05) of K + in high dose group, indicating that semen Descurainiae has significant diuretic effect, its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of renal tubules of Na +, Cl - and water reabsorption, so as to promote Na +, Cl - and water excretion [73].
5.5 regulating blood lipid function
Scholars in Descurainia seed ethanol extract (sdae) and Descurainia seed oil (SDO) on diet induced hyperlipidemia rats blood lipid regulating effects were studied. The results showed that sdae, blood lipid regulating effects of SDO and the positive control drug similar to that of nicotinic acid, can significantly reduce hyperlipidemia rats total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), hdl3-c level and LDL-C / HDL-C ratio significantly increased HDL-C, HDL2-C[74].
5.6 effects on the central nervous system
Semen Descurainiae oil on mouse forced tail suspension caused by depressive symptoms have certain effect; forced swimming test in mice, semen Descurainiae oil continuous intragastric 15 days can significantly shortened immobility time, and improve the 5-HTP induced head twitches behavior; in the mouse anti reserpine reversal test and of reserpine mouse eyelid ptosis and temperature decline also showed an antagonistic effect.
Sowing tansymustard seed oil can reduce the mice jumping and dark number of errors, and can increase the mouse brain acetylcholine (ACh) content and choline acetyl transfer (ChAT) enzyme activity, while reducing brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, in the mice's spatial learning and memory ability improvement, thus sowing tansymustard seed oil can significantly promote the memory of mice [76].
5.7 other functions
Semen Lepidii benyl mustard oil on yeast and other 20 kinds of fungi and dozens of other strains have broad-spectrum antibacterial action [77]. Descurainia sophia in mouse anti-oxidation test too, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity determination and Drosophila survival test results were positive. It has certain delay aging activity [78]. moreover, lone rapeseed oil have antioxidant activity [79].
6 content analysis
马梅芳等[80]用分光光度法测定南葶苈子中总黄酮的含量，实验结果表明山东滨州产的质量分数最高，达 0. 521%;同时以酸性染料比色法测定总生物碱的含量，结果表明山东临沂产的质量分数最高，达 2. 399%[81],可能与芥子碱含量较高有关； 硫酸-蒽酮法测定多糖含量的结果表明山东临沂产的质量分数最高，达 14. 73%[82].在单体成分的含量测定方面，HPLC 同时测定南葶苈子中槲皮素、山柰酚、山柰素、异鼠李素的含量的结果表明，山东滨州产的质量分数最高，分别达 0. 070 2%,0. 015 4%,0. 015 4%,0. 036 7%[83-84];PLC测定南葶苈子中芥子碱硫氰酸盐的质量分数结果发现，山东临沂产的含量最高，达 0. 770%[85]; 王爱芹等[86]与李进冉等[87]均用 HPLC 测定南葶苈子中槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-龙胆双糖苷的质量分数，可能由于所收集样品的不同结果稍有差异，确定南葶苈子中含槲皮素-3-O-β-D- Glucose -7-O- beta -D- gentian diglucoside were not less than 0.06% and 0.07
2010 edition of Pharmacopoeia [1] provisions of semen Lepidii containing double quercetin from beta D-glucose -7-O- beta D gentian glycoside shall not be less than 0. 0-75%; and Lepidium apetalum Willd is not specified target material for mass fraction determination. Thus it may be known, the composition of semen Lepidii were concentrated in parts of the total, mustard alkali thiocyanate and flavonoid constituents, and strong heart glucoside class no reports, and the analysis and research of the Lepidium apetalum Willd is scarcely reported.
7 toxicity
Mainly for cardiac glycoside toxicity, according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia method determination of the effective monomer of biological activity, the half lethal dose equivalent crude drug. 125 g - kg-1. Tinglizi on in the heart of frog can be stopped in systole, can enhance heart contractility, slow the heart rate, cardiac conduction block. Adverse reactions were anaphylactic shock, main symptom expression in the chest tightness, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, palpitation, following the whole body skin rash and pale, sweating, difficulty in breathing, accelerated heart rate, decreased blood pressure and other. Such as anaphylactic shock, immediately 0.1% epinephrine intramuscular injection and intravenous injection of calcium gluconate, oral isopropyl triazine (phenergan) etc. were rescued [88]. in addition, when the containing high concentrations of glucosinolates in rapeseed cake to feed the animals, the animals showed a reduce reduce appetite, goiter, thyroid hormone levels and abnormal function of the liver and kidney and other harmful animals, growth and development of symptoms. Other toxicity was not have reported.
8 conclusion
As one of the most commonly used in clinical medicine, although in recent years of Tinglizi gradually carry out research on various aspects, but still not deep. Currently on the market mainstream commodity is sowing seeds of Descurainia sophia L. (semen Lepidii), although there are reports of chemical components and pharmacological action of certain, but there is still a lack further research. Tinglizi have strong heart function have been reported, the material basis, cardiac glycosides but strong heart has no new progress. In recent years, the flavonoids, glycosides, and other compounds have been isolated from the medium, and there are no related studies on the activity.
Lepidium apetalum Willd as a non mainstream product, of the relevant research should also be paid more attention, so that the quality of semen Lepidii herbs more perfect, more rational classification, by morphological identification, microscopic identification, chemical composition, contents of multi components, pharmacological effects, such as to both distinction.
The study of processing of semen Lepidii should to fried pepperweed seed as the main focus, clarify processing historical context, the original intention, processing method and its variations based on, make full use of modern science and technology and, from multiple angles of chemical constituents, pharmacological action and clinical effect of clarify the processing principle of. In addition, pepperweed seed from the Shennong Bencao Jing "is" wine good "records, Ming and Qing also wine fried products use, on whether it should be fried wine should also be concerned about.
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