Mainly today's teaching poetry to the interpretation of the text, although also involves a phonological component, but it is rather limited, mandarin without entering tone words, voicing, for the distinction between Ze sound, also is not very clear, coupled with the modern reading teaching mode, to obliterate the sound length, pitch low difference, originally, poet in creation contains significance in the sound is the best cover. Therefore, today's readers and ancient poetry have a diaphragm, this distance is generated, it is derived from the way people accept the way with the ancient poet's writing style, the ancient reader's way of accepting alienated.
What is meant by "chanting"? "Chant is the Chinese nation tradition of Han poetry reading, from pre Qin period to the oral, from generation to generation, spread so far. It is the ancient education system (private and official) in the only way of reading, but also the creation of poetry style. Until one hundred years ago, all China reading people are still chanting." [1] Kongsheng who taught his disciples "song" Poems "three hundred strings, three hundred song" poem "," poem "three hundred dance poem" [2] three hundred ". The disciple Duoshan chanting, such as "Ceng Zi...... A panel, and song Shang song sound, full day, if a stone [3]. "Kong Zi is also a good read" spring and Autumn ", has attracted laodan relish listening. Kong Zi is the first famous China history intoned and recite education experts." [4] China history as the first great poet -- Qu Yuan, "describe withered withered in the marshes, with the" [5].
The Tang Dynasty poet Jia Dao about the poem stand that "two to three years was a double Yin tears" [6]. Lu Yanrang wrote in "Yin": "the word Yin an, to be twist off a few stems." [6], which shows that the ancients is chanting poetry creation. Zhu Xi was keen to see: "Han Tuizhi Su Mingyun, writing, my life energy, all from the ancient sound at school." [7] Lu Xun's poem "song" how to write "[8], visible or to recite his poetry as an important auxiliary. "In 1912, the establishment of the Republic of China, to the new school education does not recognize the authentic, private education. From the beginning of school education system, followed by private exit together chanting. In 1920, the government ordered the use of the vernacular textbooks of primary school. So far, the fate is determined by chanting. No matter how many thousand years of destiny, past has, hell, reentrant cycle." [9]
Visible before 1920, Chinese poetry creation, learning and appreciation to recite as an important way to still be replaced. The ancients cloud, "familiar with the three hundred Tang poems, not a poem will sing", the path out of the recited in the poetry creation irreplaceable status, and today's teaching poetry to modern reading replaced are poles apart. What is the reason for China's "poetry" is not the West's "po-em"". Suitable for "poem" to replace the continuation of the Millennium recited poetry, a lot of problems. 'poem' is the use of words, accent and treble, "poetry" is the use of rhyme, tone and imagery. Chinese poetry, its meaning is not only through words to express, more important is through the sound tone, rhyme rhythm, rhythm, melody and other forms to express the tone of the voice [1]. Reciting is tonal, tone, length, height, the emergency is slow, metrical poetry creation are intoned in, and is not in the reading. Without such an accumulation, how can we learn to write poetry. If not by way of the chanting in poetry teaching today, even the basic read do not, let alone write poetry. As in the classical poetry teaching in the reasonable use of recitation to assist teaching, will multiplier. The author attempts to "Gordon guanque tower" as an example, to explore the teaching of ancient poetry recitation played an important role.
First, the ancient poetry teaching example analysis -- Taking "Gordon stork tower" as an example
Song poem "Gordon guanque tower" of the Tang Dynasty poet Wang Zhihuan, text is not much, understand did not seem to obstacles, but in the process of interpretation in recitation replace chanting, may misinterpret the poem. The whole poem is as follows:
"The sun sets behind the mountain, the Yellow River Ruhai Liu. For the poor, a thousand miles, a layer of building." [10] in today's teaching poetry "Gordon guanque tower" is often interpreted as inspirational poem, which in the poem about many appreciation text reflected very obvious. Such as "is there a poet to the enterprising spirit, the vision of the mind, also shows the stand high to see far philosophy" [11], "just two words, writing or drawing the magnificent time king, writing bold and enterprising life ambition, ignited to ascend extremely profound philosophy, vacuousness Sheng, and die, empty (spirit) and pan, far-reaching rhyme can be said is super step in ancient and modern" [12]. The history of Chinese literature, edited by yuan Xingpei also believe that "Gordon guanque tower" "poetic forceful magnificent, reflecting the Tang Dynasty scholar lofty cheerful mind" [13], anyway, nothing more than aggressive, magnificent, high spirited, positive, I think this is a beautiful misunderstanding and to modern reading learning ancient poetry where.
So, in the ancient poetry teaching into chant link, the poem what should understand what?? after the combination of chant teaching, the author concluded that the following understanding.
First of all, see enteringcharacters. This poem not only to two tone word "white", "day" at the beginning, laid the whole poem painful and depressing tone, and the poem 20 words has six characters of the first tone: "white", "day", "into", "desire", "eye", "a", to make the reader aware of a depressed mood. Why entering tone words can express depressed mood?? because of entering tone words pronunciation features are read short, half of the pronunciation is to choke back the feeling. Author can skillfully use has the feeling of entering tone words and the tone, tone often infected with the reader and enables the readers to feel the author as if in, intentionally or unintentionally, to suppress their own, so even if contemporary readers identified it as Li Zhishi. The author thought is suppressed in the excitement, the excitement is not the mere exclamation slogan excited, but a deeper excited, said it is profound and forceful. The ancients said Du Fu's poetry "is profound and forceful", what is "setback" is an important one of the reasons is that he loves with entering tone words, and make good use of. Entering tone words can also rhyme, Liu Zongyuan "Snowy River poems:" Qianshan bird flew the vast, million Renzong diameter, boat and Li Weng fishing alone, Hanjiang snow. " [10] and the Ze rhyme. Yue Fei "Azolla" begins: "not a, drizzly rain break, eyes blazing mt.huandshan, zhuanghuai fierce." [14] the same. Ancient voice bearing the semantic expression function, the Gordon guanque tower "Rusheng words use has set the emotional tone of the poem, the authors want to express the emotion is not open high spirited, but" suppressing magnificent turbulence of the thread. So analysis the social background, do not understand author's life, does not involve the content of the text, to the poet in the poem tone words have grasped the emotion of poetry. This effect is due to the reading of the poem, Rusheng sentiment, is a modern reading of the reach of.
Second, between the rhyme Wang Zhihuan "Gordon guanque tower" and the poetic touch is also noteworthy. This poem and the 12 rhyme rhyme IOU, in fact, IOU generally do not contain the meaning of the rhyme make efforts. Because this rhyme pronunciation lingering mouth gradually in the closing, with rhyme words have "autumn", "leisurely", "travel", "worry", "prison", "revenge", "Radcliffe", lingering sadness, Youyuan melancholy, suitable for to express endless sorrow. Today, read poetry does not drag rhyme words, it is difficult to feel the nature of this emotional implication. Express high spirited emotion rhyme often speak to a greater degree, such as a, Ao, ang, must be broad emotional, Li Bai's "nostalgia" although homesick, but it is not low, but showing a a clear and bright state, because he used the rhyme of ang. The modern Chinese dictionary is arranged in alphabetical order, making it difficult to understand the beauty of Chinese characters. If you can arrange to rhyme, you will find the same rhyme words, the style and range of roughly the same. The ancients in the learning time of rhyme, the teacher will tell you that he Yun bold, Ho Yun Xiao San, Ho Yun ho Yun sad, cheerful. The rhyme has its own style, can not be used indiscriminately, the ancients wrote poetry before what is the rhyme do not have meaning. Chai tou Feng Lu You "on half tie with both rhyme and tone because tactfully, cherished expression. The second half to switch to rhyme, because the Qusheng refuse, expression of helpless pain, also carrying the ideographic function. "Gordon guanque tower" of the poem rhyme has told readers, this poem to express emotion is sad, sad, depressed, but contemporary people why sentiment to the hard work of? Nature is caused by the words imply the artistic conception. So, I think that reading poetry should be a full range of perception in the corner, and informal.
Third, the length of the music in the teaching of ancient poetry also need to pay attention to. The ancient pronunciation has 3 kinds: long tone, tone and tenor. The day the mountain "," white "and" day "is the tone," mountain "is a long sound," according to "as" "the tenor," the Yellow River flows into the sea, "River", "flow" is a long sound, "in" is the tone, "yellow", "the sea" is the mediant. According to the length of reading the whole poem, the reader will soon feel, then the big the Yellow River into the sea all of a sudden go. What are these two talking about? The sun goes down, the Yellow River is not returned, the poet is feeling the time flies. People do not have such a sigh in the sun when the sun rises, often to see the sun will feel the time is too fast. So magnificent and mighty, long Yellow River can not return, not to mention their own, all of a sudden "repression" feeling; but the oppression feeling of background is "day" "mountain", "Yellow River" "current", and not "withered vine" tree, "" bridge "" water ". The "Analects of Confucius" cloud: "in Kawakami: It passes like this., regardless of day and night." [15] river is where, is the river, Kong Zi looked at the river in the Pentium endless water, feeling the time is like this river, will not stop.
"For a grander sight", "desire", "eye" is short, "poor", "Li" is Alto, "thousand" is a long sound, well-proportioned. The poet can not be reconciled to the time to go so much, how to seize the fleeting time, "more on the floor". "A" tone, "more", "layer" for Alto, "", "the building" for a long sound, surface of the meaning of the text seems to be positive, but guanque tower only three layers, and the sun is coming down the mountain, the Yellow River in the torrents, floor, but not to. What's in it? Helpless and sad. But although the helplessness, sadness, but hides a "desire strong desire for a grander sight", so full of twists and turns, as the magnificent unrest of the Yellow River?
Fourth, the core image of the poem do not have meaning. Castle in the heart of the ancients, described what it means? Learning poetry why pay attention to image?? that is because the ancients in the creation, selection of images is the emotion, which is from the origin, customary habits. Du Fu said "spent nearly a high-rise hurt" [10], Xin Qi Ji said, "love story, Fu new strong say sorrow" [14], in ancient times, Castle is generally sad! Wangcan castle and sad, this is the story. The wind blew the ape whimpering, Elizabeth bird flew back to the Qing zhu. Xiao Xiao under the edge of the wood, not the Yangtze River rolling." Ancient [10], people every heart melancholy stagnation, mood difficult are usually Denggao Yuanwang, trying to digestion indignation, but has actually increased the heart of sorrow. So, Song Ci will be afraid of climbing the psychological tendency, Liu Yong's eight voice Ganzhou "" can not bear to climb near, hope the hometown of Miao Miao and thoughts to "[14]. In short, the castle is a more tension image, sigh old, homesickness, arms and all sorts of feelings can establish connection with it. However, it is a to care for emotional tone to express. "Gordon guanque tower" in ascends the building the image expression of melancholy, hoping to retain time, but because time is unable to retain and bring a deep sadness, so the poem more is helpless, sad, or despair, even be able to comprehend the people ahead of the emotions, emotional development is not linear, but hopeless situation and epigenetic "endeavor", said it "is profound and forceful" is not excessive.
Two, the new teaching method of ancient poetry
Through the analysis of the poem, people will have a very deep confusion, why think so simple a poem, has produced so much interpretation bias root where? This is related to the ancient poetry learning methods, on the one hand, people today no longer so pay attention to the voice, no longer able to interpret speech. However, when people put aside their voice, semantics is more and more far away from people. On the other hand, pure knowledge of intellectual input learning, for the humanities, learning is concerned, the ills are too large, especially in literature, especially the ancient poetry. Literary works should direct perceptual infection and emotional moist, but has paid too much attention to the knowledge of memory, for literary works, causing great Yan. The author believes that there are 4 aspects of ancient poetry, "knowledge", "Yin", "think" and "taste". First of all, look at the first aspect: "knowledge".
Although poetry learning should be more use of perceptual learning, such as "Yin", "think", "taste", but, "knowledge" is the foundation. And "Gordon guanque tower" the poem, people of ancient poetry study and appreciation focuses more on the expression of thoughts and feelings, the meaning of words and phrases, allusions, the use of rhetorical methods and is recited. All these belong to the intellectual study, which belongs to the category of "knowledge". Although before this part of the most attention, but on the part of the speech is very inadequate interpretation. Rusheng tone words in Mandarin dies, need to read the text of the word, rhyme of the heart where, today's teaching mostly turn a blind eye, or turn a blind eye. "Knowledge"
This part is too much focus on the text, while ignoring the more important aspects of the phonological knowledge. Through the analysis of "Gordon guanque tower" of the poem, the voice fade away for understanding the meaning of poetry is needless to say. To look at the "Yin", it is more inadequate. "Yin" is "recite", is on the verge of extinction of the Chinese type reading method. In 100 years before, all the Chinese people are intoned reading, in the modern education to the westerners take law, reading instead of reciting. Recited in the early 20th century to exit the education system, at present is on the verge of extinction, the last generation will recite the old gentleman are over 80 years old,, recite professionals more than a dozen people.
Unfortunately, anxiety and had to be pointed out that the overseas Chinese poetry chanting inheritance but not bad. South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia has excellent chanting foundation, of which the best is Japan, poetry club members actually has more than 500 million people. Maybe some people will question, a kind of "outdated" teaching methods and the significance of the revival of it?. Recite should never be swept into the history of garbage, it is followed for thousands of years of Chinese poetry creation, reading, learning style, the ancient Chinese is such a generation of oral down. In macro terms, it is a valuable traditional culture in China. In micro terms, it is one of the indispensable methods to interpret the ancient poetry, and it is necessary to revive it in the teaching of ancient poetry.
A chant teaching effect, the author has a deep experience in the teaching practice. For the evolution of poetry, many students once asked the same problem, poetry from the Sanyan development to four words, to five, to seven words, why is a kind of progress. If the problem from the theoretical analysis of the complex, teachers generally will not explain. Students listen to recite poetry soon clearly feel although only one word, two words, the melody of poetry rhyme has undergone a great change. When the time to stay in San Yan poetry, and sincere, such as "some feathers, numerous. Appropriate to the descendants of Seoul, "[16]". From the four words "Jianjia gray and White Dew cream" [16], to five words "vote for me to papaya, reported to qiongju, bandit reported eternal thought" [16] until the "Trinidad yingti green Yinghong, water village hill Guo Jiuqi wind, the southern Temple 480, how many loutai Yanyu" [10] seven vast, teacher recite down, for the development and evolution of poetry, students take the hint. This shows that perceptual learning is more effective than pure knowledge in understanding literary works. And literature is a very beautiful art, pure filled with the knowledge of how to understand the beauty of ancient poetry can be a wonderful?
The traditional vertical reading without punctuation of poetry, how to read?
The teacher taught how to read, speak of poetry is to teach the students after the demonstration of poems, a few times, students learn their songs. Which word should be stretched, which pronunciation should be shortened, which tone is high, which the tone is low, which word to urgently, which word should be soothing, which word read softly, which word read heavier, clearly, coupled with the auxiliary words, poetic self-evident. Su Shi also said, "three points, seven points reading" [17]388, visible "reading" to understand the importance of ancient poetry. Su Shi called "reading" is recited, but not today known as reading. As an ancient saying goes, "read a hundred times, and righteousness from the see" [18]420, referring also to recite, today's reading for the natural advantage of modern vernacular Chinese teaching a lot. However, for poetry, compared to read, there is a big disadvantage. For poetry, the author wants to convey meaning, a large part is expressed through the sound, but modern read erase the most originally contained in the sound, how will disorder does not understand poetry cause. Ancient Chinese duration and intensity, pitch, timbre, the semantic have very important role. The concrete manifestation is: level tone and oblique tone, tone, tone words to sing long and oblique tone words to sing short, entering tone words is extremely short, they in the expression of the emotions have their own advantages, poet in the creation of the time, must be want to be careful to use; others, such as unvoiced and voiced, treble and bass, light tone and stress, open accent and stoma sound, so rich in phonetic meaning, in today's teaching was cast away the. Mandarin reading can't reflect the main characteristics of ancient rhyme, if in the teaching facilities to recite words, in a large extent change the students understand the status of ancient poetry difficult, avoid misreading of poetry.
Method of poetry teaching, the third is "thinking", it should be built on the basis of the intonation. What is "to", is the imagination and association, while chanting, can love pass the ancients, over sophisticated recite, also imagine a poem presented in the picture, though he also stood in the stork.
In this process, it is wise to take the Chinese traditional way of learning. In ancient times, reading is required to read in, and then jump out. First read in, the most important. What is called "reading in" is the embodiment of the author, into the poetry, the author's feelings. Read the poem of Du Fu, you are Du Fu. Read the words of Li Qingzhao, you are Li Qingzhao. Recite to personal experience of the poet at that moment to experience those feelings, to understand the poet's heart, heartache, each a small fluctuations. Such as "Deng guanque tower" the poem, in recitation, to incarnate Wang Zhihuan, standing on a high floor, see the sunset is about to fall on the west, vast Yellow River will Guihai, so infinite, heaven and earth is so boundless and your independent on top of the world, more and more sense of felt his own insignificance, more experience their own helpless, more aroused my heart sad, this is to "think" in the primary stage. In addition but also to think of themselves to think of others, is not also once at this point in time had similar sentimental, or a different kind of feeling, so, this is the reading of the poem "to" stage, that is, the ancients said "read into" stage. Must be feeling through the ancients, not so can not really understand the poet and works.
Finally, the purpose of "reading in" is to jump out. Read in time, in fact, is integrated into their own understanding, and jump out of the last stage of the study of ancient poetry, is the "taste"". To savor the aftertaste, poetry implication, the part of the master can only be sensed.
Do not understand what to do, which is the highest stage of, at the beginning, do not act with undue haste, no other efficient way, that is, rely on the continuous training, in recitation, imagination, at the same time, try to a little bit to improve feel beauty, appreciate beauty, nature will be able to appreciate the ancient poetry more beautiful.
In short, "knowledge", "Yin", "think", "taste" is an interconnected, in these 4, and to "sing" as the core, "knowledge" is the foundation of the "Yin", and "think" and "taste" is the "Yin" sublimation and refinement. If you can in teaching, the 4 aspects of the implementation of the implementation, we must enhance the ability of students to learn ancient poetry, but also to cultivate students' learning interest and enthusiasm. And in today to chant teaching is the core of private education quit the stage of history to in contemporary classroom teaching really understand the ancients in the poem ignited laughter, anger, sorrow and happiness, do not pay attention to the rhyme is absolutely impossible.
Only introduces the background, the interpretation of words, summarize the effect, recite poetry, only from the traditional culture gradually. Recite this followed the thousands of years of reading, if can in the contemporary classroom teaching appropriate use, will be conducive to the Chinese classical poetry into contemporary readers heart.
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