[关键词]发展中国家民族主义
[keyword] developing nationalism
世纪之交，回顾百年曲折的历史进程，可以发现对国际格局影响最为深远的全球性事件莫过于第二次世界大战和两极格局的崩溃，有惊人相似的是，两次事件导致了两次大规模的民族主义浪潮。前者瓦解了殖民体系，导致一系列新兴民族国家的增生；后者则使一些统一的多民族国家走向分裂，并在局部地区造成了激烈的动荡与冲突。
At the turn of the century, reviewing the hundred year history of twists and turns, the impact can be found on the international pattern of the most far-reaching global events than the Second World War and the collapse of the bipolar world, there is surprisingly similar, the two event led to two large-scale wave of nationalism. The former is the collapse of the colonial system, leading to a series of new national hyperplasia; the latter makes some unified multi-ethnic country apart, and caused unrest and conflict in the local area.
现代民族主义起源于17、18世纪的欧洲，已是学界不争的事实。[1]而本世纪两次民族主义浪潮的主体却都是发展中国家，尤其是90年代以来的民族主义，还与强大的全球化趋势相逆反。对此，人们自然会生发出这样的疑问：它正常吗？
Modern nationalism originated in 17 and eighteenth Century Europe, educational circles have been the fact that does not dispute. [1] and the main body of the century tide of the two nationalism are all developing countries, especially since the 90's of nationalism, but also conflict with the trend of globalization powerful. Therefore, people will naturally produce such doubt: is it normal?
正如吉登斯洞察的那样：民族主义的意识形态必定聚集在话语意识和"活生生的经验"之间的交叉地带。那么，在现代政治生活中，民族主义的话语意识到底是如何吸引了发展中国家？又是怎样一些活生生的经验使发展中国家与民族主义结下了不解之缘呢？
As Giddens insight that: cross zone nationalist ideology must be gathered in the discourse between consciousness and the "real experience". So, in the modern political life, nationalist discourse consciousness in the end is how to attract the developing countries? How is the living experience enable developing countries and nationalism forges the indissoluble bound?
简要考察民族主义的历史发展就可以发现，欧洲的民族主义是在封建社会的母胎中孕育而来，是工业革命与资本主义发展合乎逻辑的原生物；而发展中国家的民族主义则是在反对欧洲和其他殖民大国统治的暴力斗争中产生的，它在很大程度上是前者的影响和派生物。但更值得我们注意的是，民族主义一旦在发展中国家生根，就很容易滋长蔓延，赢得政治、文化精英和大众的普遍认同。
Historical review of nationalism can be found, European nationalism in feudal society bred to mother, is the original biological industrial revolution and the development of capitalism logical; while developing nationalism is produced in the violent struggle against European and other colonial powers rule in the former, it is the effects of biological and sent to a great extent. But the more worthy of our attention is, nationalism once in developing countries to take root, it is easy to grow and spread, win universal identity politics, the cultural elite and mass.
要解释这一现象，首先必须弄清楚民族主义的核心话语，即主导的价值取向。
To explain this phenomenon, must first make clear the core discourse of nationalism, the dominant value orientation.
按照盖尔纳的说法，民族主义最基本的信念是"政治与民族的单元应该同一"，就是国家与民族同一。实现一族一国的理想模式，是民族主义最初在欧洲兴起时最激动人心的主张。
According to Gaerner, the belief of nationalism is the most basic "politics and national units should be the same", is the national and ethnic identity. Realization of the ideal model of a country that family, is the most exciting of nationalism in Europe when the initial rise.
海恩斯写道，民族主义这个词出现在欧洲之后，大致有四种涵义：第一，作为一种历史进程的民族主义，在这一进程中，民族主义成为创建民族国家政治联合体的支持力量；第二，作为一种理论的民族主义，它是提供给实际历史过程的理论、原则和观念；第三，民族主义包含着一种政治行动，如特定的政治党派的行动；第四,民族主义是一种情感，意指一个民族的成员对本民族国家有着超越于其他的忠诚。
Haines wrote the word, nationalism in Europe, there are four kinds of meaning: first, as a historical process of nationalism, in this process, nationalism becomes create national political coalition support; second, as a theory of nationalism, it is available to the actual the theory of the historical process, principles and ideas; third, nationalism is a political action, such as a specific political party action; fourth, nationalism is a kind of emotion, member means a nation is beyond other loyalty to the nation.
可见，民族主义实际上是一种以"民族自决"为核心价值的奇怪的混合物：它既可能是系统的理论，足以为实际的民族成长提供原则和观念，也可能仅是一种强烈甚至狂热的族际情感，吸引着族民个体的忠诚与报效热情；既可能是严密整合的政治运动，也可能仅是运动的口号或象征；既可能是族民团结的真实感受，也可能是制造出来的心理幻觉。
Visible, nationalism is actually a "national self-determination" is a mixture of strange core value: it may be both systematic theory, sufficient for practical national growth provides the principles and concepts, it may be only a strong even fanatical ethnic emotion, attracting people the individual's loyalty and serve the enthusiasm; both may be closely integrated political movement, may also is only a slogan or symbol of movement; both may be true feelings of people together, may also be made of psychological illusion.
民族主义在核心价值观上的统一性和在表现形式上的多样化，使得它可以被不同的领袖人物在不同的历史情境中赋予不同的意义内涵而达到不同的政治目标，换言之，单纯而又复杂的民族主义因其宽泛而成为最"有用"的意识形态话语。
Nationalism in the core values of unity and in the form of diversification, so that it can be a leader in different historical context has different meanings to different political goals, in other words, simple and complex nationalism ideology and become the "useful" for its broad.
Since entering ninety age, the two camps had opposition crumble, is not only the developed countries lost clear enemy, in developing countries, but also because of against the tension disappears and the once dominant political ideology decline decline, led to the absence of cultural value, people in urgent need of new ideas and the significance of life sustenance commander. At this time, the core value of nationalism implication to defend the national interests, fight for the national self-determination is easily to meet the developing political demands, and "nationalism generation of collective solidarity and the obligation in the cultural recession environment with strong mobilization of energy", so called, nationalism out, become the ruling legitimacy basis and social mobilization and control tools.
勒纳精辟地分析道，民族主义成为发展中国家主要的凝聚力和不可缺少的重要因素，是因为发展中国家的民族在进入现代化的"门槛"之中时，原先的社会支撑物和社会结构发生崩溃，这使人们充满了压力和痛苦。民族主义做为进入现代化"痛苦门槛"的一种表达，它起到两种功用，一是授予人们尊严与保持社会稳定，二是为现代化提供动力，并最终在实践中解决这种痛苦。
Lerner correctly analyzed, nationalism has become an important factor in the cohesion and indispensable for developing countries, because developing countries in the modernization of national "threshold", social support and social structure of the original crash, which makes people full of tension and pain. An expression of nationalism as into the modern "pain threshold", it has two functions, one is granted the dignity of people and maintain social stability, the two is to provide power for modernization, and eventually solve this pain in practice.
对于先行一步的欧洲民族国家以及紧随其后的美、日等国，尽管也还存在或多或少的民族利己倾向，但总的来说，民族主义已基本实现了古典的终结，正在走向超越民族国家的全球化潮流。因为，全球化的进程实际上是把西方主宰的国际经济秩序通过市场化和政治变革而不断向世界各地扩张、推展的过程，它就是西方占支配和主导地位的经济秩序和体系的国际化。在这一过程中，发达国家由于控制了经济贸易规则和制度安排的渠道，进而可以凭借其技术和资金的全面优势，进一步促进资本物品和服务的跨国流动，通过在国际上降低交易成本，达到以自由贸易方式重组全球资源和市场的目的，并获得收益最大化。事实也是如此，最热衷推进全球化的美国，也就是在世界体系中最有"霸权"和最大的既得利益者。所以，努力打开发展中国家的国门，削弱他们的民族主义情绪，才是发达国家意识形态的重心所在。为此，他们大力倡导和实践的是全球化。
For the first step of the European nation-state and followed by the US, Japan and other countries, although there are more or less national self-interest tendency, but in general, nationalism has been basically realized classical end, is beyond the national trend of globalization. Because, the process of globalization is actually the Western dominated the international economic order through the market and political change and continue to expand, all over the world to promote the process of internationalization of the west, it is a dominant and dominated by the economic order and system. In this process, the developed countries due to the control arrangements for economic and trade rules and institutional channels, and with its technical and financial comprehensive advantages, further promote the transnational flow of capital goods and services, through reducing transaction cost in the international arena, in order to achieve the free trade approach to restructuring the global resources and market, and obtained the profit maximization. Indeed, the most enthusiastic promotion of the globalization America, also is in the world system in the "hegemony" and the biggest vested interest. So, developing countries to open the door, weaken their nationalism, is the focus of the developed countries where the ideology. Therefore, they advocate and practice of globalization.
In this sense, we can say, the developing countries to resist reactionary nationalism and globalization.
尽管民族主义被当做多数发展中国家的主流意识形态，但在具体的做为中，由于历史、文化传统和迫切需要解决的问题不同，在不同的国家和地区也就呈现出多种多样的实践。
Although nationalism as the mainstream ideology in most of the developing world, but in the concrete as, due to historical, cultural tradition and the urgent need to address the problem of different, in different countries and regions also showing a variety of practice.
概括而言，从世界经济体系来看，冷战结束以后，国与国之间被意识形态遮掩的经济利益对立与冲突就鲜明地呈现出来，民族主义被广泛地应用于在不平等的国际秩序中谋求本国的利益，这时它是国家利己主义的代名词，我们称其为经济民族主义；从国家内部来看，由于多民族间的发展不平衡，族民与国民的身份认同时常发生断裂，追求本民族政治独立自主的民族主义就有产生的内在动力，而它的结果则往往表现为统一国家实体的瓦解，这时它是种族主义和分离主义的代名词，我们称其为政治民族主义；而在更深层也更抽象的文化层面，"文明的冲突则是世界范围内的部落冲突"，文化民族主义倾向也在发展中国家以各种方式展开。
Generally speaking, from the world economic system, after the end of the cold war, between country and country is economic interests confrontation and conflict of ideology hidden clearly show, nationalism has been widely used in the pursuit of their own interests in the unequal international order, then it is synonymous with the national egoism, which we call economic nationalism; from within the country, due to the development of multi ethnic imbalance between the people and the national identity, fracture often occurs, the pursuit of the people stand on one's own nationalist politics there is power in the interior, and its results are often manifested as a unified national physical collapse, then it is synonymous with nationalism and separatism, which we call political nationalism; while in deeper and more abstract culture level, "the clash of civilizations is the world within the scope of the tribal conflict," cultural nationalism trend also started in various ways in the developing countries.
以下我们分别做一简单的阐述：
The following we do a simple exposition:
1, economic nationalism
Economic nationalism is the main idea of economic activities to -- and should be for the overall interests of the national construction goals (or national) service. It points out that the nation is individuals and groups (company, interest group) the largest real welfare units. Therefore, economic nationalism to master their economic fate, the exercise of independent economic sovereignty important, and that the result can achieve the prosperity of the nation.
Generally believed that the economic nationalism of developing countries was initially manifested in Latin American countries. Latin American region as a Catholic immigrant colony, countries have a common language (except Brazil), the common religious beliefs, as well as the inability to distinguish between the mixed blood. Since the 19th century "Monroe Doctrine" to claim that "America is America" until now, the Latin American nationalism is mainly in the United States in the economic and political control of its internal affairs, with a sense of inferiority and self brand. A Ryding discussed, "Mexico nationalism is not an ideology, but an instinct for survival. "Latin American countries, which have not yet achieved a modern or advanced position," are increasingly alarmed at the attempt to control their natural resources and economic fortunes, and recognize the need for. This phenomenon is characterized by economic nationalism, which directly reflects the views of these countries often complain that they have achieved political sovereignty and independence, but in the economy is still a colony. "
This economic nationalism view is closely related with the dependency theory. The dependency theory thinks, inequality in the world system, developing countries are difficult to get rid of poverty and backwardness, simply because they are heavily dependent on developed countries capital, technology and market. That A Amin proposed the following famous statement: "not for international cooperation and interdependence and sing praises. The best advice to third world countries take the policy of isolation. "[10]
实际上，经济民族主义是一种在发展阶段上各个国家取得政治独立后必然产生的结果，即一个民族在完成自己取得独立的历史任务后，必须进一步发展自己的经济才能使自己真正地站起来。近来，已经有学者在更广泛的意义上把包含了经济优先、国家干预与市场经济的巧妙结合、倡导儒家传统文化等要义的东亚发展战略统称为东亚经济民族主义，并把它当做东亚经济成功的奥秘所在。[11]
In fact, economic nationalism is a kind of all in the stage of development the national political independence after the inevitable result, namely a nation after the completion of his made a historical task independent, we must further develop their economy and make yourself truly stand up. Recently, some scholars have more broadly to include economic priorities, state intervention and market economy, advocating the ingenious combination of Confucian traditional culture of the East Asian Development Strategy collectively known as the East Asian economic nationalism, and put it as the mystery in East Asia's economic success. [11]
可以认为，这种强调在经济发展中追求民族利益的经济民族主义包含了发展中国家对现存国际秩序无奈与抗争的双重心态。在遭遇1997年夏季以来不断蔓延的全球金融危机的打击之后，发展中国家更加深刻地认识到，只有采取自我保护的经济政策，避免过快和过于被动地卷入不公平的国际竞争环境和不均衡的全球化进程，才能免遭灭顶之灾。经济民族主义因此被越来越多的发展中国家所接受和使用。
Can think, this emphasis on the pursuit of national interests in the economic development of the economic nationalism contains dual mentality of the existing international order helplessness and fight in developing countries. Since the summer of 1997 after the continuous spread of the global financial crisis, developing countries more deeply aware of, only to take self protective economic policy, avoid the globalization process fast and too passively involved in the unfair competition in the international environment and uneven, can from the crowning calamity. Economic nationalism is therefore more and more developing countries to accept and use.
2、政治民族主义
2, political nationalism.
We have strong political purpose (mainly decomposition or build a new independent nation state) as the target of nationalism in this category. Obviously, this is the original intention of the rise of nationalism and the starting point. Since the European system formed five hundred years, nationalism had long service to the pursuit of "national identity" in the political practice target.
发展中国家由于处于各种不同的发展阶段上，政治民族主义的影响和作用也就不尽相同，但从目前的情况看，争取独立的挽救民族危亡式的应急型政治民族主义在各国都已经基本结束。拿二战后期与90年代发展中国家的两次政治民族主义浪潮相比，最大的区别就在于，前者主要是殖民地国家反抗宗主国争取民族解放，而后者则集中表现为多民族国家内部非主体民族争取主体地位或平等权利的抗争，它使得若干曾经统一甚至强大的多民族国家（如前苏联）从内部裂解。
Developing countries due to the different stages of development, political nationalism and the role is not the same, but from the current situation, the struggle for independence to save the nation from peril type emergency political nationalism in countries all over the world have come to an end. Take the two political nationalism during the post World War II and 90 in developing countries compared, the biggest difference is that, the former is the colonial countries against colonial national liberation, the latter focus on internal multi nationality country non subject peoples for players or equal rights struggle, it makes some had even powerful nation (such as the former Soviet Union) from the internal cracking.
应该说，存在于多民族国家内部的族际冲突在发展中国家普遍存在，究其原因，主要是由于现代化的进程起步较晚，资本主义发展明显不足，严重阻碍着这些国家形成统一的社会体系和社会意识，缺乏强有力的粘合剂将国内各族体凝聚在一起，使民族国家构建与族体发展之间产生尖锐矛盾。[12]这些矛盾尖锐到国家无法调解的地步时，就会产生破坏性很强的民族主义运动。
It should be said, inter ethnic conflict exists in the internal multi nationality countries generally exist in developing countries, investigate its reason, is mainly due to the process of modernization started relatively late, the development of capitalism is obviously insufficient, seriously hinder the formation of these countries unified social system and social consciousness, the lack of strong adhesive will be home all nations together, nation countries to produce a sharp contradiction between building and national development. [12] these contradictions to countries unable to mediate the extent, will produce damaging nationalist movement is very strong.
In Africa, most of the "nation state" not grow out of, but a product of colonialism, the delimitation of its frontiers is entirely a "cartography unit" [13] by colonial interests to decide. In the geometric boundary territory, arranged in a crisscross pattern with cross tribal nations and trans national tribal. The country is very weak ability to integrate social and national, playing a leading role is the powerful clans. Africa national tribe, have to "put the cake into pieces under the state" and the degree of [14]. Africa tragedy is that people loyal to the clan than loyalty to the country, not a sufficient to the clans gather together the national culture, political nationalism and metamorphosis to tribal or racial. Recently, some countries in central Africa (such as Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Liberia, Somalia) continue to massive bloodshed between the different ethnic groups, is the "artificial state" sequelae appeared. In the country's independence before, only by hatred towards the oppressors to mobilize people's aspirations, but to manage an independent country which is far from enough. Notable is, in Africa national political nationalism, all require the establishment of an independent sovereign state is not much, what is the specific point and final goal, even when the thing person oneself also not clear, therefore, these conflicts are intensified, and the problem seems to have no.
在中东，政治民族主义冲突主要是以宗教信仰和石油资源等经济利益等为支撑点。"80年代和90年代，伊斯兰国家的整个趋势是反西方的。这部分地是伊斯兰复兴运动，以及对所谓的西方毒化穆斯林社会作出反应的自然结果。"[15]民族主义与宗教情绪之间，由于伊斯兰原教旨主义的实践而显出其深刻的联系。民族主义一旦插上宗教狂热的"翅膀"，其来势就十分猛烈。宗教和种族问题的复杂交错，加上美国等大国的干预和操纵，使中东激进的民族主义者制造了不少恐怖主义的事件，并给中东的和平进程营造了障碍。
In the Middle East, nationalist political conflict is the main religion and petroleum resources and other economic benefits as the supporting point. "The 80's and 90's, the trend is the anti Western Islamic countries. This is partly the Islamic revival movement, as well as the response to Western poison Muslim society so-called natural results. "[15] between nationalism and religious emotion, because the practice of Islamic fundamentalism and shows its profound connection. Nationalism when inserted religious fanaticism "wings", which was very violent. Religious and ethnic problems of complex, coupled with intervention USA powers and manipulation, make the Middle East radical nationalists made a lot of terrorism events, and to the Middle East peace process to create a barrier.
In Chinese, since 80, when the original ideology as a cohesive community function out of state and society, political leaders are starting to pay attention to derive the more national cohesion resources from nationalism. [16] some rejection and hostility Chinese practices, activation of the Chinese since modern times "self - stress nationalism" historical complex. However, nationalism Chinese contemporary is far from forming, a America scholars views can be used as reference: "as long as the economic development goes well, as long as Chinese in the world economy, the future looks bright, open will be prevailing, anomalous nationalism can only in the mass entertainment meet some emotional music, without very attractive in real life. If on the contrary, the deteriorating economic expansion now, if Chinese ambition become the bubble, a full set of highly nationalistic sentiments are readily available for more serious consideration. "[17]
３、文化民族主义
3, cultural nationalism
文化民族主义的主要任务是要保持和发展本民族特有的文化传统，主张以民族的文化个性和文化传统为纽带，强化族民对政治共同体的认同。有学者给出文化民族的三个特征：①文化民族以文化整合、文化标识而显形；②文化民族是一种非暴力、非军事扩张的民族；③文化民族具有推崇文化的内涵。由此衍生的文化民族主义"反映了一种认为本族文化和历史传统精神高于优于别人的居高临下的态度。"[18]
The main task of the cultural nationalism is to maintain and develop the unique cultural tradition of the nation, advocated national cultural characteristics and cultural traditions as a link, to strengthen its identity to the political community. There are three characteristics of Cultural Nationalism: ① scholars give national culture to culture integration, culture identification and visualization; the national culture is a kind of non violence, non military expansion of national culture; national culture connotation with. This derivative of cultural nationalism "reflects a kind of thought the family culture and historical tradition spirit than than the others look down from a height attitude. "[18]
在当代，主流话语"现代化"其实就是"西化"的代名词，强大的民族也多数是依托强大的经济、军事实力的西方政治民族，因此，文化民族主义的主张与实践，主要出现在发展中国家。阿帕杜莱睿智地指出，"今天，全球互动的中心问题是文化同质化与文化异质化之间的紧张关系。"[19]
面对先进的西方文化的入侵和冲击，面对全球化进程中日益强大的文化同化力量，如何保持个性，避免被文化霸权吞噬，已经是一个关系到国家生存的重大问题，连法国这样的发达国家都有被"文化殖民"的深切忧虑。对于许多发展中国家而言，赶超发达国家，实现现代化是不得不做的必然选择，但在具体的道路上却常常面临或者放弃民族传统文化以跟随潮流，或者固守传统对抗西化的两难处境，文化民族主义正是在这种背景下复兴，并且表达着东西方文化冲突与抗拒这一持久不衰的主题。
In the face of advanced western culture invasion and impact, in the face of cultural assimilation is a growing force in the process of globalization, how to maintain individuality, avoid cultural hegemony phagocytosis, is already a major issues related to national survival, even in developed countries like France are "deep concerns cultural colonialism". For many developing countries, to catch up with the developed countries, realize the modernization is the inevitable choice to do, but in the concrete road often face or give up the traditional national culture to follow the trend, or stick to the traditional combat Westernization dilemma, cultural nationalism is a renaissance in this context, and the expression of cultural conflicts between the East and the West and resist this lasting theme.
发展中国家的政治精英和思想家们试图通过挖掘传统文化的资源，培植起本民族的文化与精神禀赋，来挑战日益嚣张的西方文化扩张和文化霸权（诸如"好莱坞化"和"可口可乐化"），以保持或恢复民族自尊心，获取政治号召力。与经济民族主义反对经济侵略相似，文化民族主义者反对的是"文化殖民"。在这里，"作为主权的‘道德成分‘，民族主义象征提供了一个政治话语的核心。"[20]纠缠了中国人一百多年的传统文化与现代化的关系命题当然也贯穿了文化民族主义的主线，而90年代以来在东亚掀起了对"新儒家"的重视也可被纳入文化民族主义的范畴。
Developing the political elites and the thinkers trying to dig through the traditional culture resources, fostering a culture and the national spirit endowment, to challenge the increasingly aggressive expansion of western culture and cultural hegemony (such as "Hollywood" and "Coca-Cola"), or restore national pride to protect, obtain political appeal. And economic nationalism against economic aggression, cultural nationalist opposition is "cultural colonization". Here, "as the sovereign 'moral elements', nationalist symbol provides a core of political discourse. "[20] entangled the proposition of traditional culture and modernization Chinese 100 years of course also runs through the main line of cultural nationalism, but since 90 time in East Asia has been a" Neo Confucianism "attention can also be included in the category of cultural nationalism.
虽然在缺乏政治、经济吸引力的情况下，首先从文化上确立起民族的认同不失为一种积极的方式。但不得不承认的是，发展中国家的文化民族主义因为几乎抵挡不了全球性的消费主义和没有边界的大众传媒而显得有些虚弱和矫情。
Although the lack of political, economic appeal case, firstly establish the identity of ethnic minority culture is a positive way. But had to admit that, developing cultural nationalism because almost can not resist global consumerism and no boundary of the mass media and a bit weak and sentimental.
In summary, nationalism became the dominant ideology in 90 developing countries, has its profound historical background and origin of the value, is the rational choice based on the developing countries. But because of the defect of modern nationalism ideology itself, it tends to be more conservative and not open, tends to review the past instead of looking to the future, tends to destruction rather than construction, tend to national self-interest rather than global prosperity, such an ideology is clearly not long core value for the national development strategy.
面向新的世纪和新的世界发展趋势，只有积极参与，勇于创新，才能改变发展中国家的命运，最终走上国家繁荣和民族兴旺之路。
Facing the new century and the new development trend of the world, only the active participation, dares to innovate, to change the fate of the developing countries, and finally embarked on the national prosperity and national prosperity road.
注释：
Notes.
[1]参见徐迅着《民族主义》，中国社会科学出版社1998年版，第7页。
[1] see Xu Xun with "nationalism", China Social Sciences Press 1998 edition, page seventh.
[20]安东尼·吉登斯着《民族-国家与暴力》，生活·读书·新知三联书店1998年版，第265、259、265页。
[20] Anthony Giddens a "nation state and violence", life, study, New York Edition in 1998, 265th, 259, 265 pages.
欧内斯特·盖尔纳着《民族与民族主义》，康乃尔大学1983年版，第1－5页。
Ernest Gaerner a "nation and nationalism", Cornell University, 1983 edition, page first - 5.
J·H·海恩斯着《民族主义论文集》，麦克米兰出版公司1926年版，第6页。
J · H · Haines "nationalism" essays, Macmillan publishing company, 1926 edition, page sixth.
参见帕尼尔·勒纳着《正在逝去的传统社会》，格林科公司1962年版，前言。
See Parnell Lerner a "passing of the traditional society", glynco company 1962 edition, the.
[15]塞缪尔·亨廷顿着《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》，新华出版社1998年版，第228、236页。
[15] Samuel Huntington a "Reconstruction" the clash of civilizations and the world order, Xinhua press 1998 edition, 228Th, 236 pages.
A·赖丁着《遥远的邻居：墨西哥人的肖像》，美国诺普尔出版公司1985年版，第18页。
A riding a "distant neighbors: Mexican portrait", America Connaught & Poor's publishing company, 1985 edition, page eighteenth.
S·坦塞着《拉丁美洲的经济民族主义》，商务印书馆，1980，P8。
S 坦塞 with "economic nationalism in Latin America", the Commercial Press, 1980, P8.
[10]G·A·阿明："依附性发展"，载《现代化理论与历史经验的再探讨》，上海译文出版社1993年版，第103页。
[10]G · A · Amin: "depends on the development of" carrier ", again on the" modernization theory and historical experience, Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1993 edition, page 103rd.