????????????????????????????????Werner Sombart?????Maurice Dobb??……??????????????……???????1988????????????????????????????“??”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”??????????????“?????”????“??”??????????“??”?“??”???????“?????”???????????????????????????“????”???????????1993?3???????
The essence of capitalism, many people talked about the. For example, the West has Marx, Webb, Sombart (Werner Sombart), Tao Pu (Maurice Dobb),...... Chinese Liang Shuming, Yu, Huang Renyu...... Finally, in 1988, Hayek published a book "the Fatal Conceit: Socialist fallacy", is for the "doctrines" official. I want to describe in this articles, mostly is these university researchers said. But I put these words into two sections, section is known before the book Hayek published, I called "the traditional view". A Hayek opinion, I called "the final view". The mention of "finally", will inevitably have questioned the "stiff" or "dogma". But here I am "the final view" is Hayek's final opinion, this from the beginning of this century is involved in human cognitive "capitalism" thought movement, scholars have in 1993 March died.
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A traditional view
??????????????????????????????????????????????“……?????????????????????????……???????????……????????????????????”??????????????????????Douglass NOrth?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????????????????????????“?????”????”?????”??????????????????????????????????????……?????????????????“????”????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”??????????????????
Mr. Huang Renyu and Joseph Needham co wrote "history" science and technology China ten years study of capitalist many authors had a review:"...... Write articles about three kinds of capitalism. A kind of pay attention to relations of production change....... A focus on the spirit of capitalism....... There is a focus on the transformation of natural economy as financial and economic." Marx was in the first category. Webb is a second class. North (Douglass NOrth) should belong to the third class. Perhaps the author simple classification approach will mislead the reader. In fact, Webb and, later, Huang Renyu, Yu Liang Shuming, and thirty's, have an overall view of the evolution of. "Capitalism" is a social and historical process, is generated by a number of reasons. So Mr. Yu Yingshi says that Webb and his position as "historical pluralism", as distinct from "monism of history". Talk, from the history of Western Europe to dig any (enlightenment, Renaissance, religion, ancient Greece,...) Western Europe and North America are now the society is not "capitalism". Liang Shuming has always believed in the "culture and philosophy of the East" and later "China culture essence" in Chinese even alone can not get "five thousand year development of capitalism". His view was put forward by Mr. Yu Yingshi again.
????????“????”?????????1??????????2????????????3?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”????“????????????”???????????“?????????”????“???????”??“????????”???????????????Is-real Kirtzner???“????”?????????“???????”?????“???????????????????????????????????“?????????”?????????????????????“?????”????????????????????????????????????“???????”???????????????????????????
Huang Renyu said, "three main conditions of capitalism": (1) to expand credit relationship. (2) the use of professional managers. (3) various facilitates the sharing of capitalist management technology society. We can also think that the first condition here include the free flow of capital or financial market development. Second conditions are required "entrepreneurs free access (" implies "separation" entrepreneurs and capitalists functions). The third condition is essentially "computability Capitalism (" implies "free flow of information"). "Entrepreneurs free import" by the new Austria school leader J Azee Nel (Is-real Kirtzner) definition of "capitalism". If we take the "expansion" of credit expansion as "expanding cooperation of trust relationships in general, three conditions that form of capitalism in fact can be covered in the" conditions that an extension of "general trust relationship. Trust not only professional manager appointment depends on "agent relationship", and technology sharing and legal, accounting, contract and so on can be calculated, is the position in the "extended" credit relationship for this purpose. This is to say to Hayek's later view, later again the.
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A closed China have thousands of years have not capitalism, Liang Shuming is a very solid basis. His according to the first, China society since the Qin and Han Dynasties was already by ethics instead of religion, with custom instead of law, family relationship and the western society inherent "individual and society" and "social and national" conflict. Since the "Warring States" after the China society "abolished the feudal system, built the county," two thousand years of wandering around a neither "capitalism" and not "feudal" in the form of society. Another of Liang Shuming's is based on, Chinese spirit to do not point to the direction of "capitalism". Mr. Yu Yingshi said in the "opinions" on some traits in China history, reasons for the lack of research China "capitalism", a basic problem is to make clear the traditional value system Chinese society. He believes that without the impact of the west, China society will evolve in their own tradition, not "capitalism". Chinese spirit is the doctrine of the mean and the melody and the. Even if we ignore the simple view of "religious ethics lead to capitalism", assuming a no religious people can also produce capitalism, we still find it difficult to believe that Chinese will take any work on such a large scale that "people" must be from family, friends, moral, out and all sorts of "Art of life" alienation to nurture the human nature, a slave to the machine. According to the narrow "scientific method" division and characteristics of life, as Feng Youlan and China philosophy points out, Chinese considered "diabolic tricks and wicked craft", "is like folds, with Taishan in Beihai, non". In other words, Chinese "not interested in capitalism".
This leads to another important question: what "capitalism" is the inevitable product of the productivity development? Or European cultural tradition and spirit of the special expansion results? For this problem, Yu Yingshi think before European capitalism was born centuries, indeed to have a continuous, pointing to the spirit of capitalism movement. Of course, we can also conduct more in-depth examination. For example, Huang Ren Zi and Joseph Needham of the Venice polis democracy and credit expansion, civil autonomy and trade management lowland Netherland, case studies into the limitation of royal power and financial development later, and their study of English courts legal change. Another example is Xu Zhuoyun stressed capitalists participation is an important link in the development of capitalism. Therefore, political, legal, evolution of these "superstructure" is accompanied by the capitalist "material development". The relationship between political events and psychomotor (such as "Thirty Years War") in Europe between fourteen and seventeenth Century is extremely perplexing. Finally, we examine the results may still be settle a matter by leaving it unsettled "chicken and egg, egg" cycle. So, from a macro that capitalism, economic process should be at the same time "with" a mental process, we can't prove which one, which is a subsidiary. But from the micro level, people's spiritual guide always with the development from "realm of necessity" to "freedom" (i.e. from the bondage of material production) and the more and more important. But the modern spirit is still constrained by the "traditional", but the traditional spirit is from the raw material production state born out of the. We observed two processes (mental and physical) phase "with" phenomenon.
?“?????”?????????????????????????????TalcottParsons???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”?????????????????????
In the "conventional wisdom", Marx and Webb represent the two almost exactly the opposite view, that Parsons (TalcottParsons) insisted that Webb's "the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism" is to oppose Marx's historical materialism and write. I suppose both views have been known to the reader. Here we will discuss not their views, but their views or their concept of a "capitalist" can be seen from the specific historical process of abstract degree.
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Webb's ideas about capitalism and socialism and his understanding of "the rationality". His famous viewpoint is, business behavior, and even large commercial behavior, in China and India have existed as early as in europe. But it is not capitalism, because there is a lack of "rationality", the lack of a dependent on accurate measurement of the legal, accounting, contract, employment relations, political activities and so on the rational goal of social organization (Dirk's "organic society"). He defines "capitalism" as "people with business method needs" and the enterprise must be "use capitalism rational capitalism enterprise bookkeeping method". Webb used the word "system", he believes that the "spirit of capitalism" is a "rational and systematic pursuit of profit attitude". And he put all the "capitalist" classified into four: (1) the non rational, political capitalism. (2) the non rational, industrial capitalism. (3) the Rational Capitalism, political. (4) the rational, industrial capitalism. Only belong to the capitalism in Western Europe (4) class. Therefore, "capitalism" (similarly, "socialist") as the social rational social organization and political movement in the West outside does not exist.
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In another study, Webb can show his attitude towards capitalism. He argues that in "on law in economy and society" in one book, the true spirit of modern western "natural law" is the "free" or accurately said, "contract freedom". Because of this kind of contract freedom, western society to develop rational industrial capitalism. He believed that this has the freedom of the spirit of "natural law" partly originated from religious movement that rational sectarian, partly originated from Renaissance "the Tao of nature" concept. So the "rational" and "natural" became a natural method to judge the two basic criterion of the legitimacy of the case.
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Although Webb also emphasizes the rational employment and organization of "free labor" is the prominent feature of capitalism, but he did not like Marx to "labor" as "axis of understanding capitalism". Webb this emphasis on mental processes "capitalist" concept so difficult from the European Society of specific historical abstracts.
Marx's research can be almost as the research of capitalist "foundation". Immediately apparent in his profound and his contemporary economists comparison. Such contemporaries that capitalism is the essence of the pursuit of profit or circular formula: "currency capital more money". This view is a very popular and famous school in academically, we might as well according to Huang Renyu's classification called "School of finance capitalism". This kind of view thinks that capitalism is the essence of "capital accumulation", that "annexation of financial capital" (acquisitive capitalism). But Marx caught the key of "surplus value", to explain the "profit" and the capital financial expansion, how to become a real possibility. "Labor" became Marx's understanding of "capitalism" as the essence of a social relationship. From our point of view, the concept of Marx's wage labour can be applied to the non Western society in the historical process, so Marx's "capitalism" concept of Biweber has more universality. Of course, the surplus value theory of Marx is based on the labor theory of value. The process of creating the understanding of "value" and the value of different to other economists Marx as the "vulgar". I in "economy studies" has described in detail the subjective theory of value from the Austria school led to the understanding of the value creation process. According to Menger and Schumpeter's understanding, entrepreneur or chasing "profits" are essential to "create surplus value". It is because they discovered the value of "surplus", it was their "entrepreneur" free labor to organize, to obtain "surplus value". If this is "Exploitation", so that "meritorious exploitation".
?????????????????“????”?????????“???”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????the totality??????????????????“?????????????????”????????????????????????? 1958????????????????????John Nef?????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????????”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”??????????“???”?“???” ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”?????
Sombart after Marx and Webb, he does not think "the emergence and development of capitalism" from the "substance" individually explained. We read, view from the Tao Pu book: the essence of capitalism to understand not obtained from any one of its economic or physical. General can only inspire a spirit of the times from the (the totality) to seek. The whole spirit, this is summarized as "bourgeois calculating and rational spirit of enterprise". The general view of the evolution of by Yu Yingshi's attention. The article introduced as early as 1958 University of Chicago professor of economic history knife (John Nef) book "cultural industrial civilization". Yu Yingshi tried to describe all the spiritual foundation of industrial capitalism. His essay was consciously as a "spiritual foundation of industrial civilization". According to his introduction, broad works Neff demonstrated the development of capitalism in the west is the combination of sponsoring religious advocated morality and emperors from fourteen to seventeenth Century European humanistic pursuit of art. During the pursuit of artistic beauty development of Science (such as painting and optics, geometry and chemistry; sculpture and anatomy; architecture and mechanics and geometry), and moral life experience foster mutual respect "freedom of contract" (the spirit of democracy presupposes). "Mr. science" and "Mr." is born. Similarities between Yu Yingshi write a paper in this period and Western moral spirit China traditional moral spirit, and that the age of enlightenment for the Europeans China "sympathetic understanding" cover derived from this.
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The overall view of the evolution is a scholar attitude, but to "learn in order to practise" is not so easy. A "whole" must not from history to see. So a "global capitalism" idea how to apply China social history? We study a concept can be seen from the specific historical environment to produce the abstracted, purpose is to apply this idea to other historical process of. In "capitalism" which is an extremely important historical concept of abstract, is completed by the end of Hayek's.
Two "the final view"
????????????????????????????“???????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Ronald Coase????????????H?Demsetz??????????????“????”??????????????????????????“???”????“???”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“???????”?
At the University of Chicago, Hayek did not really belong to the Chicago school, as he taught in the "Commission" social ideological rather than economic system. But the same relationship as knight and the Chicago school, Hayek is one of the original flow of traditional Chicago. By Mises (Hayek's teacher) and younger (Knight's thesis supervisor), especially the European academic tradition of the Austria school that consistently liberalism into the Chicago school. From the Chicago tradition, Kos (Ronald Coase), Zhang Wuchang, and de M Saez (H.Demsetz) absorption of the precious nutrients to participate in building the "new system" work. So, from Marx to the "north, system research ultimately by the" critical "to the evolution of the" construction ", and in the main conclusions and Hayek view to confirm. In fact, major works "of North's institution, institutional change and economic performance" begins by saying: a study of his system aims to make clear "human cooperation game".
???????????????????????“??????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????”??????????????????“????”????????“????”????????????????“??????”??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Adam Ferguson??“????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”???David Hume??“??????????????????”????Car Menger??“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????The Road to Serfdom???????????????????The Constitution of Liberty?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????”??“????”??????????“????”???????????“????”?
Hayek's last book "the fatal conceit" is the first sentence: "this book demonstrates that our civilization is to occur and living things, precisely can only be described as extended order of human cooperation, the order is often misleading called capitalism." I'm here from the perspective of economic development and discusses the significance of Hayek "expanding order". It is a historical process for the concept of "economic development" alleged "originally and capitalist development" coincide. "The fatal conceit" is about the moral issues, moral tradition of risk, the limitations of human reason and rational conceited. In the front of the book Hayek the most influential to the development of his thought the three thinkers. In support of his purpose. Ferguson (Adam Ferguson): "freedom is not like its literal seems to mean, is free from all bondage. On the contrary, freedom means the most effective use of all the members of the free society every legitimate bound, whether they are the judicial officer or the people." Hume (David Hume): "the moral case law is not from our reasoning conclusion." Menger (Car Menger): "those who serve the public welfare system, how could they so important and significant, but it does not have a public will to guide their established?" From here, we found a theme: capitalism and traditional. Hayek to this understanding of the journey is hard, lonely, and long. From the anti socialist views -- made him famous: "the road to Serfdom (The Road to Serfdom"), to his very influential works -- "Freedom Charter (The Constitution of Liberty"), to his verdict -- "the fatal conceit", like Marx, Hayek's eyes investigation in every field of human knowledge. In this process, he can draw "expanding order" as the essence of "capitalism". See the "labor" places in the Marx, Hayek see is "extended order".
1920?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????A.Lerner??“???????????”?????????1????????????2?“??”?“??”???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?”?????“?????”????????????????????????????????????“??”?????????????????????????????????“?????”???????????“????”????????????“????”???????????????????????????????????“?????”????????????????????????????????????“?????”??????????????????????????“????”??????????????????????????????????????????????
In 1920, when the socialist ideological trend finally has Liaoyuanzhishi, Hayek's "the road to Serfdom" considered to be lonely. Even at the time, compared with the same age, has revealed Hayek profound closed cup. Mises criticized Lange and Lena (A.Lerner) stressed that the two factors of "effective computer socialism": (1) the comprehensive calculation of the impossibility of (2), "profit" and "price" may not provide efficient incentive under the public property right. This represents the outstanding scholars. Hayek expressed in the book of the law more profound view. He emphasizes, the innovation process of entrepreneurs or human thought is impossible to plan out. A controlled all the property to control the thinker's survival condition of central planning is not possible without trying to control people's thinking mode. However, control of thought will eventually lead to all the members of a society's creative exhaustion (because, as Hagel said, "people" is the essence of "freedom of thought"). Therefore a central planning economy over the long term must be inefficient (because, as Kaldor said, "efficiency" is nothing more than a million people daily improvement work of creative effort). Inherits the Austria school "subjective theory of value" of Hayek that the "general equilibrium" is the efficiency of the real "foundation" -- every member of society innovation in all directions of freedom. He later on (the Fatal Conceit) criticized "macroeconomics" and expressed this idea; radical liberalism must be based on the subjective theory of value as the basis, and the general equilibrium or "invisible hand" is meaningful (I very much agree with Hayek then said: the significance of Austria school "marginal value" revolution still neglected by most economists see the tendency; see today in mathematical economics economics inside instead.).
In 1960, Hayek published "Freedom Charter". He later parlance, the book conveys a libertarian "utopia". He gave his task is to depict the principle of the Constitution shall comply with a willing to maximize the protection of personal freedom of the government. However, like Buchanan, Hayek in the seventy's realized that, to Montesquieu's thought as a model in Europe and the United States government modeled impossible liberal utopia. Like Buchanan, Hayek reached this conclusion: the formulation of the Constitution and the free French fathers in this issue is failed. This conclusion is logical consequence is thinking of amending the constitution. The results of Buchanan's thinking is his 1975 book "freedom". The results of Hayek's thinking is his 1973, 1976, and 1979 were published in three volumes (law, legislation, and free). At this moment Hayek noticed almost inexhaustible source of socialism is that human reason. Because of this "ego", there are "dangerous politicians tried to design the future of mankind" in all the country of market economy. Hayek pointed out: "our era's most significant political (or ideological differences in philosophy, in the final analysis) is the basic differences between the two schools of thought on the basis of." He said he and Carle? "Pop belongs to rationalism evolution (evolutinoary rationalism)", and another is "rational construction (constructivist rationalism)". The latter is wrong in philosophy.
????“??”?????????????????????????????????the Sensory Order???????“???”?“???”?“???”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”????????????????????“????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????“?????”??????????????????????????????????????????????
Hayek on the "rational" itself was brought into the natural science in the early fifty's, he had written "perception of order" (the Sensory Order). Later research "control theory", "system theory", "Synergetics" etc.. He dabbled in the history of religion, history of science, history of art, the original science and anthropology, linguistics, psychology, demography, and biological epistemology etc.. He is a classical significance of deep concern on the "moral philosophers of all knowledge". He eventually thought, socialism and capitalism contend for not "value judgment" on the differences, but the philosophy epistemological differences. On one side of the debate in philosophy on the fallacy. To face the truth of any person (whether he Is it right? "Socialist") should be able to correct this error. (how western style pure scholar attitude! As Chinese I always make my understanding with emotional color.)
1988?????????????????????????????????“??”????????????????????????“??????”????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
In 1988, Hayek published "the Fatal Conceit: Socialist fallacy" (is the philosophy of I have already said, the "fallacy"). The less than two hundred pages of the book, Lin Tongsheng thought that is "the most abstruse difficult to read". Like an abstract painting, an abstract book is going to read many times. I don't think I have read this book, but as a preliminary understanding, I want to use the four propositions to sum up Hayek in the book of thought.