In 1911, the bourgeois revolutionaries represented by Sun Zhongshan, through the revolution of 1911, overthrow the last feudal Qing Dynasty in Chinese history, and the success of the bourgeois revolution means the disintegration of Chinese traditional society. In fact, since the Opium War in 1840, the Chinese community has begun to collapse. Accompanied by a strong military attack the Western gunboats, western capitalist culture also began to enter China. Of western culture, Western learning, to the Chinese traditional culture brought incalculable impact, even until today, the cultural impact of the remaining clue still affect us.
At that time and the social background, the western sports brought the impact to the Chinese local sports, the inherent sports ideas of the Chinese people have different, and then there is a controversy. As an important part of the local sports, traditional sports health preserving, also by the time of the sports of the times involved. Therefore, the study of the traditional sports health, should not be ignored at that time, the western sports and local sports of the big background. In view of this, this paper briefly reviews the history of the modern western sports and local sports, with a view to better understanding of the times when the traditional sports health ideology.
1 western sports and local sports competition
In the realm of culture in Western learning, western sports culture as a kind of western culture began in the China landing. The influence of western sports, Chinese initially accepted western style exercise, then gradually developed into a variety of sports. The controversy about the merits of the Chinese and western sports, in the modern times, has occurred two times the big controversy. The five four is a period of "new sports dispute", two 1830s "western sport dispute".
Five four 1.1 times of the "old and new sports dispute"
Because of the domination of the national cultural psychology, in the May 4th New Cultural Revolution on how to choice between Chinese and Western culture attitude, cultural radicalism and conservatism uncompromising, a dispute. As the traditional culture of Chinese traditional sports (including traditional sports health) and the western sports "in the study of the" Sports "process, expand the means or method of sports, a part of the people began to re-examine the inherent form of sports, and put forward to replace the traditional sports in the western modern sports, which led to the old and new sports dispute." "The old and the new sports dispute" mainly reflected the criticism in the cultural radicalism Lu Xun some progressive thinkers to cultural conservatives advocate "the quintessence of a country sports" trend of thought.
Western sport dispute 1.220 century 30 ""
In July 1932, Peking, "world news" comment, to call for the sports reform, which opened the prelude of this local sports dispute, August 7, 1932 "Ta Kung Pao" put forward "from foreign sports, advocate soil sports" concept, advocate to martial arts and health as the center of the Chinese Sports development road; then "Sports Weekly" give back "so that you me to" have issued a number of arguments. "On the surface this' native sports' dispute focus is' understanding of China and Western Sport essence and function value 'problem. Its essence is China local sports culture modernity and the cultural standpoint of."
1. 3 during the period of May 4th movement, "the old and the new sports dispute" is the new culture movement in the new and old sports thought, is the essence of the cultural radicalism and conservatism in between on the issue of cultural choice debate
In 1930s the "western sport dispute" is the "five four" period of old and new sports undertaking ideological debate. In the debate, both sides have laid their point of view, showing that the adhere to their own cultural superiority. Although they have some knowledge of the characteristics and value of local sports and western sports, but because of the lack of in-depth research on China's social development constraints and so on. Therefore, they are not out of the right way to develop the Chinese sports. With the introduction of Western Naturalism and pragmatism, the traditional sports health began to appear in the western sports tendency, the pace of Western sports.
2 the influence of western sports on local sports
2.1 A Survey of local sports in the western sports
In modern times, the Western pragmatism and the naturalism sports concept began to enter china. These thoughts to enter, resulting in a was the turmoil of sports thought, various sports advocate go on stage one after another, as Xu Yibing said that, "the chaos of stolen dimension, China's sports industry purpose, theory hybrid, no too today to take a tumble. Or Xi island wind, or keep the new continent of, sectarian views this row of Peter denounced, or want to preserving the quintessence of Chinese culture to restore the old reg... "
In the old and new sports debate and quintessence faction and cultural radicalism sent at sixes and sevens, such as "sports noun, inherent to the ID, sports history wrong, far leading to Confucian recreational dance, release the training exercise, meantime lux Knight fighting, for the history books can not...... If the main, movement method, and tracing the source of popular sports...... , however, the operation of all gymnastics, the interpretation of the two, road, the invention of the." Therefore, "the dominant position of the traditional sports form of the western modern sports in the form of national traditional sports is put forward."
August 7, 1932 "Ta Kung Pao" put forward "from foreign sports, advocate soil sports" concept, advocate to martial arts and health as the center of the Chinese sports development road. They believe that traditional ethnic sports (including traditional sports keeping in good health) has many advantages: first, rich in content, in the "patriotic managing property" and "prevent disease and prolong life, exercise physique" aspects, local sports are more valuable than western sports, more suitable for China's national conditions, "any odd skill, no Chinese are". Second, "prevent disease and prolong life" "have to first in the world undoubtedly". Thirdly, the local sports equipment cheaper. Fourth, local sports to military labor coach, managing property for the first time training, saving the situation needed. And western sports equipment needed is more expensive, movements are often excessive, often to the detriment of the health, and adverse effects on the national mentality, lead to society "dazzle on the Europeanization", sports community "each of the logistics" and "holding angle of psychology".
The cultural radicalism that the physical meaning is to "promote the happiness of mankind, improve work efficiency, noble personality, strong taste, and develop to adapt to the social and cultural life. Western physical education has three obvious advantages compared with local sports:
"(a) interest,...... (two) much of the spirit of struggle. I really need a weak nation, the stimulant,...... (three) the spirit of solidarity and cooperation is the most significant, and the shortcomings of the so-called soil physical education in this, the national most need is also in this."
They despise the local sports, think, local sports is a kind of feudal dross. Such as, when people on his "meditation" sharp criticisms, "sit in the greatest harm, is that people tend to be negative", "sit like this, even if he can but sickness, can prolong life. But for us China build some parasites of humans and social scourges. And think," Buddhism about meditation; India Buddhism is taking place, inevitably for the British destroyed; Martial emperor of Liang Dynasty is one of the new Chinese Buddhism, inevitably Taicheng die. You wanted to make emperor, why must take the China into India?"
2.2 the influence of western sports on Traditional Sports Health
In modern times, the imperialist warships and blasted open the door to China, the western culture and thinking began landing in China, blooming and infiltration with China in various fields, including the ideas of the Chinese people. In the cultural field of the most obvious example, is the five four new culture. Station in today's perspective, looking back to see this period of history, no matter we subjectively willing to or recognized, objectively, perhaps we can not in practice take beat drowning dog ", the influence of modern western culture and thought of Chinese culture take negated or overall affirmation, which is not in conformity with the thought of Dialectics of Marxism, to treat any things we all should be divided into two, a dialectical view, it is necessary to look at the positive value, we must face up to the negative effects.
Western culture as an organic part of the western sports, in modern China also began to go ashore, in the Chinese sports, education and other fields. One of the traditional sports culture in China, which has to face the challenge of foreign culture. As overall positive or negated the influence of western culture on Chinese culture as, the influence of western sports culture of Chinese traditional sports keeping in good health, we only understand the right path is dialectical view. Therefore, we have the positive influence on the traditional sports health in the western physical culture on the way from the two aspects of Tao and operation.
As a metaphysical way. On the road, the impact of western sports on traditional sports health, the main focus of the traditional sports health in the intrinsic value of the concept. Traditional sports keeping in good health is a way of life of the Chinese people, the concept of health, pay attention to the "form" of keeping in good health, but also pay attention to the health of the "God", but also pay attention to "the relationship of form and spirit and keep health. Western sports to its concept of the impact is, the western sports in the view, is a focus on the form of exercise, pay attention to improve human health through the external technology, and the western sports physiology and Western medicine as its theoretical support, reflecting the human health of physiological and biochemical indicators can be quantified, is its biggest characteristic; and the main theoretical foundation of traditional sports health and Chinese medicine and the Chinese Yin and Yang five elements theory, not some quantitative standard. In that situation, the western sports get the cultural radicalism of approval, traditional sports keeping in good health has become the cultural conservatism of the banner.
The two have been in this field for the debate, the end who did not convince anyone, is not a result of the controversy. However, the impact of the modern western sports on the traditional sports health foundation, has been improved in modern times. The fact proves that the health effects of traditional sports can also be confirmed by the theory of sports physiology, western medicine and so on.
Which were the operation. The influence of modern western sports on Chinese traditional sports health, mainly in the way of inheritance and organization. Traditional sports keeping in good health whether in the courts of China or in Chinese folk, most showing a a "Xinchuan dictation" as the main feature of the apprenticeship, did not become the important content of the field of school education in China. However, the modern western sports after entering China, the traditional sports health education as the content of education is included in the school system, the main channel of the main channel has taken the class teaching system, the traditional sports health promotion and popularization.
Like a coin has a positive and negative, the western sports in the traditional physical health has a positive impact on the same time, but also bring some negative effects. For example, it is bound to use the western sports theory to interpret and transform the traditional sports health, it is bound to make the traditional sports health lost their own cultural core, lose their own cultural personality. This in the modern traditional sports health reform in many times. This is what we should take warning. A cultural vitality, in the face of foreign cultures when is certainly confident to meet the challenge, to absorb the essence and its innovative vitality. Traditional sports health with the times change, no doubt, need to change their appearance and appearance, but, must have their own way and form, but not blindly to change their dependence on western sports appearance and form. This may be the biggest lesson we should learn from the negative impact of modern western sports on traditional sports health.
3 traditional sports and health care in western style trend
Cultural conservatism or cultural radicalism worth, they are standing in their respective positions on the eastern and western sports were elephant style interpretation, they are not able to for the Chinese traditional sports (including traditional sports keeping in good health) opened a agent for the development of an effective remedy. However, there is a fact that we can not be ignored, that is, in this debate, the traditional sports health appeared in western style sports tendency.
As early as 1915, Wang Huaiqi will be the traditional sports health preserving operation --- the eight paragraph of Jin is adapted for the eight paragraph of jin. At that time, "Journal of education" illustrated to be recommended to the higher primary school and middle school as a textbook. He at the time of writing with gymnastics term to express is not very popular action names, such as the original eight section brocade formulas in, "hands Qing justice tri Jiao", rewritten as:
"(a) arms by the left and the right to hold high, palms up, ten refers to staggered, elbows do not bend, and heel high; (II) resting; (arms by drooping around, heel also put down; (4) of repose. If even three times, to four, closed toe."
And soon, in the magazine issued praise, "a newspaper to see have to print Baduanjin editing gymnastics school, is a cover of caring people." (Journal of education "the Vol 8 No. 8) 1917" New Youth "in Vol. 3, No. 3 published Mao Zedong's" six section exercises ". The" six movement is young Mao Zedong feel "all lines externalization without the experience of a", so in inheriting traditional guidance surgery, absorption some characteristics of western setting-up exercises to be innovative and. In addition, in the western sports influence, similar to the traditional sports health preserving surgery - static qigong "meditation" also began to pop. "Meditation" is taught at the Peking University in the early Republic of China Jiang Weiqiao creation.
He is mainly influenced by Japanese Okada Kojiro and Fujita Masai Second People's combined with Chinese traditional sports keeping in good health of creation in 1914 to "because it is a sub meditation method" in the name of the publication in the world. The power law pay attention to eliminate the traditional sports of health preserving in doped in weird forgeries, tries to use modern scientific knowledge to explain the practicing principle and line work method. He himself said, "we are the one who is the aspect of the heart. Aspects of the object, is flesh; heart, is the spirit of sports, so that, these two aspects are not neglected. Gymnastics and sports activities, although strong muscles, blood, it is in effect, but the emphasis on the body. As for the spirit, you can not attend to, so the word may not be entirely. In my opinion, we must use both artistry, in order to complete this was the meaning of a word." At the time of the great influence of skills, the book in less than 4 years, even 14 reprint. The society at that time too, "was all the rage meditation," since the beginning of the Republic of China. Today there are eight years, what education, industry, politics, did not grow... There are two things, the degree of our national can progress: the first is the poker, the second is to sit down, China men and women, old and young, except is Dangdang labour excluding, hardly a no expert. "
Education at that time, some schools to "sit in operation" has been incorporated into the curriculum, university students and meditation will, most of that, "meditation" is law of physical exercise and a physical is practicing sports. The reason is, the one,"...... The final posture, the use of muscle tension, enhance muscle cell metabolism, sit for the movement is not static." Second, the heavy breathing, "sit with deep breathing. The body deep breathing, blood circulation will increase the amount of blood is inevitable, with strong." Third, "sit with eyes closed, avoid; avoid sleep" to muscle tension, promote blood circulation, The new supersedes the old.
As a result, "sit" caused a lot of criticism at the time. There are people in the "Sports Weekly" to "the odd 'sit'" in the title, to sit with the criticism. The author mainly relies on the theory is the theory of the nerve physiology. The author believes that the movement of people is divided into conscious and unconscious. The human circulatory system and respiratory system is not aware of movement, are generally unaffected by mind control, that "the ability of the will of the people, moved ghosts, promote blood circulation, so as not to block", lack of a physiological basis. Through these arguments, we can clearly see the fact that it is the theory of advocating the sit ins or the opponents, and supporting them to support the theory of meditation and the opposition to sit down.
4 Conclusion
There will always be a vitality culture absorption, integration of foreign culture, for their own use, to enhance their vitality. In modern times, the development of traditional Chinese sports health began to draw lessons from the western science and fitness knowledge and began to consciously use western sports scientific knowledge to explain the power law principle, even started with the western sports program to transform traditional sports keeping in good health.
In other words, in this period, the traditional sports health preserving on the basis of development, and began to absorb the western sports scientific thinking, change the appearance of the times, to maintain the presence of the times.
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