???????????????????????????????????20%?????????????????????????????????????????????????GDP???????????????????
However, behind the phenomenal economic growth, has triggered a series of profound problems, China trade although about 20% annual growth rate, higher even than in Japan and Germany after becoming the American third world trade powers, however, foreign trade increase only GDP increment, but did not bring industrial upgrading.
???????????????????2008?????????????????????????????????????GDP???????????????????????????????????????????????GVC????????????????????
Can not say, this is a very dangerous signal, because since the 2008 financial crisis, the foreign direct investment, the domestic enterprises to expand exports and boost production China GDP growth model, the lack of sustainability, the vulnerability and dependence has become increasingly apparent, thus it can be seen, independent brand, how important is to occupy the high-end GVC for sustainable development of a country.
??GVC????????????
Quality analysis and processing mode in the past under GVC.
?????????30???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
China reform and opening up 30 years, the volume of import and export trade, economy, national income has been greatly improved, especially the regional economic development in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and other export-oriented. The main dynamic coastal area development is largely due to the introduction of foreign capital for processing trade, and actively accept the developed country enterprise outsourcing contracts, for their processing production.
????????????????????????????GVC????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Coastal enterprises through starting big buyers or Multi-National Corporation led by the GVC division system in OEM mode, one can for the development of enterprises to accumulate capital, the accumulation of capital, to expand the scale, professional production and processing, there is conducive to the scale effect; on the other hand, the modern enterprise production can not meet the international the requirements of the enterprise, or product market is formed, the parent company to the foundry company longitudinal pressure would make foundry enterprise to obtain the chances of survival and continuous improvement of their own, and even to foreign imports of advanced equipment to improve the labor productivity of enterprises, but also new technology company direct or provide new equipments for manufacturing enterprises to help them produce downstream products standards. In addition, the early production also solves the shortage of capital, lack of investment Chinese weakness, the opportunity to share the big cake of international trade benefits. Employment, many manufacturing enterprises, not only to create a lot of jobs for the coastal area, but also create a lot of jobs to the inland, increase national wealth.
In short, the contribution of the industrial chain division of labor to China's economic development is indelible, China's southeast coast of processing trade enterprises, which rely on cheap labor advantage, through the import of intermediate products, processing and assembly, so that China has become the world's most competitive "world processing factory" and the global manufacturing service platform.
Today, however, due to the appreciation of the RMB, rising land costs, increasing labor wages, energy and raw material prices, a series of reasons, China's coastal areas of enterprise trade in the cost of competitive advantage, has brought a series of problems, such as GDP growth slowed down, domestic prices, the shortcomings of this foundry model has been greatly enlarged, mainly in the following areas:
First, the emergence of "poor growth", that is, the emergence of the economic growth in such a pattern: the continuous rise in output and employment, while the economic returns have been reduced. For example, the volume of international trade is increasing, but the domestic industry is still at the low level, such as the decline in export prices faster than the increase in exports, the people's living and welfare, etc., not only did not improve with the increase of GDP, but the environment into a growing cycle of vicious circle. Poor growth in the international is a reference, Latin American countries, the poor growth"
To make it fall into the bottom of the GVC, to be locked in a high degree of competition and revenue reduction of the way. Therefore, it is very worthy of China's reference.
Second, the low end of the international value chain, the division of labor is not conducive to the upgrading of domestic enterprises. This is mainly because the country of outsourcing enterprises (mostly developed countries) of the technology blockade or OEM enterprises directly imported foreign advanced equipment, and lose the opportunity of independent innovation. Indeed, many scholars through empirical analysis also shows that the multinational corporations FDI foundry pattern existing technology diffusion effect, make learning effect in the foundry enterprises preferentially produced, however, the learning effects are only limited to process and product upgrades, without functions and departments upgrades. He will not be able to complete from OEM to ODM or OBM upgrade, just stay in the OEM production.
Third, the dependence of the multinational enterprises to increase the possibility of economic fault.
China has long maintained the GDP two digit growth rate, China as a typical export driven economy, foreign trade dependence has been very high, even more than 70% in 2007. After the financial crisis, stimulating domestic demand, the voice began rising, because the road to the world economic recovery is a long and tortuous, and the leading producer of American unemployment rate has been high, US domestic consumption habit formation (some products in China, especially relies on the many necessities of life) is difficult to change, and China's trade prolonged surplus. The huge trade deficit with the United States form contrast, so that the Sino US trade friction and trade protectionism increased. The last piece of anti-dumping cases and has not been solved the issue of RMB appreciation is the best evidence.
Fourth, the model of the coastal enterprises to increase the distribution of income inequality, so that the gap between the Midwest to further expand. The eastern part of the international division of labor in the processing trade, attracting a large number of migrant workers in the Midwest, in the case of the elements of the full flow, this type of international division of labor can be absorbed through the central and Western labor and raw materials, through international trade to achieve income and factor price equalization, thereby reducing regional disparities. However, in the eastern coastal areas of the processing trade to participate in the international OEM production, its growth is biased in favor of capital, exports and government, which makes the region to further increase the gap. According to the statistics, China's per capita income growth rate is lower than the growth rate of GDP, the import and export of goods and the financial revenue of the country for many years. This shows that most of the income from the international trade flows to the capital owner, that is, the capital of the Multi-National Corporation, the government and some monopoly sectors.
In addition, the foundry model of coastal enterprises, many of which are based on the expense of the environment, a waste of energy, which seriously violates the sustainable development strategy. So the comprehensive, can see, China in the way of processing trade join international trade division hinder China's industrial upgrading, hinder the sustainable development of China, will make China through the boiled frog "effect, ultimately limited to poor growth trap.
Construction of the domestic value chain based on GVC in the new situation.
China through the GVC to participate in international trade has been a huge development, make up for the lack of capital, technology and international recognition, but after so many years of development, China has accumulated a large amount of capital, and even excess liquidity, and therefore, China's international trade division has been a great opportunity to seize this opportunity to upgrade the industry, or industry transfer, in order to get the high-end status of FDI.
1 Industrial upgrading.
Industrial upgrading from the macro level, that is, from the traditional labor-intensive industries to capital intensive and technology intensive industries, and from sustainable development to sustainable development, from the expense of the environment for the development of environmental protection and energy conservation.
To complete the industrial upgrading of the "leapfrog", the key lies in the new technology. The new technology can come from two channels, the introduction of foreign and domestic innovation. Foreign import can be directly buy a patent, the purchase of technical equipment, can also be the market for technology, but many domestic and foreign empirical studies show that the introduction of market exchange technology as a representative of its limitations, is not the best choice for industrial upgrading. And the mode of domestic innovation is the best way to achieve industrial upgrading, is the only way to achieve industrial upgrading.
So, in terms of industrial upgrading, how innovation is the key.
First of all, to promote the opening of access to innovative resources. As the basis of innovation, not only to make the internal resources open, but also to improve the availability of external resources.
Enterprises should strengthen cooperation with universities, upstream and downstream enterprises, and various scientific research institutions, which, from universities and scientific research institutions, some developed countries in particular equipment manufacturing industry to maintain sustained competitive advantage, such as Germany and Japan, to the most close to the market, the advantages of scientific research strength in the production line, the government departments to organize basic research, and to promote the transformation of scientific research results, based on the market need to choose independent research and development. This kind of scientific research system, which provides a good support for the technology of equipment manufacturing. Therefore, this kind of market orientation, the principle of proximity to the market can be saved in the case of great cost savings to maximize the possibility of innovation.
Second, the government should play the role of good technical innovation. The government acts as an important role in the development of innovation, because innovation is facing the unpredictable risks, so the government should implement the corresponding measures, to cultivate indigenous innovation leader, to form an effective innovation amplification mechanism. The government can take tax breaks for investment, subsidies or grants and other forms, accelerating the development of the equipment manufacturing industry equipment renovation and new technology, the large-scale machinery and equipment exports provide direct funds to various covert support, expand risk investment subsidies etc..
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In short, the government should play the role of good policy, draw on the experience of developed countries, the formation of policy support system, to create a favorable market conditions for the culture industry the main force.
2.?????
2 industrial transfer.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Industrial transfer is a transfer within a country's geographical location, the coastal production transferred to the relatively low cost areas, mainly in the central and Western regions. At present, by the global financial crisis, eastern industry, talent, capital and other factors have been transferred to the west, looking for opportunities, labor shortage has become increasingly the trend of coastal area. On the contrary, the central and western regions is A new force suddenly rises., migrant workers return, good policy, Liangjiang New Area as the Tianjin, Shanghai after third programming with rose to national policy height. The inward transfer of industry, perhaps for the time being not independent R & D capability, innovation capability of enterprises, is the practical choice.
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Summary.
?????????????????????????GVC??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
The financial crisis to the China exports cast a shadow over the long term, and in the GVC at the bottom of the foundry enterprises are facing huge profits or even losses, compression, and some enterprises even close. Therefore, under the new situation, industrial upgrading or step back and transfer of industry is the best choice, but also a difficult journey, need the guidance of national policy, also need to be supporting talent technology improvement.
Believe that through this way, Chinese industry model can effectively improve, Chinese will no longer in the smiling curve with lower, product design and development, logistics and sales into the GVC industry chain will no longer be a distant dream.