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"文艺复兴"一词，原意系指"希腊、罗马古典文化的再生"。但是，当时西欧各国新兴资产阶级的文化革命运动包括一系列重大的历史事件，其中主要的是："人文主义"的兴起；对经院哲学和僧侣主义的否定；艺术风格的更新；方言文学的产生；空想社会主义的出现；近代自然科学的开始发展；印刷术的应用和科学文化知识的传播等等。这一系列的重大事件，与其说是"古典文化的再生"，不如说是"近代文化的开端"；与其说是"复兴"，不如说是"创新"。"文艺复兴"在人类文明发展史上标志着一个伟大的转折。它是新文化，是当时社会的新政治、新经济的反映，是新兴的资产阶级在思想和文化领域里的反封建斗争。
"Renaissance", the original intention is refers to "Greek classical culture, regeneration of Rome". However, when the cultural revolution movement of Western Europe bourgeois includes a series of important historical events, the main one is: "the rise of humanism"; negation scholasticism and the monks; art style update; dialect literature production; utopian socialism; to the development of modern natural science; printing application and dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge, etc.. This a series of big events, rather than the "regeneration" of classical culture, be inferior to saying is "beginning" of modern culture; it is the "Renaissance", rather than "innovation". "Renaissance" marked a great turning point in the history of human civilization. It is the new culture, is to reflect the new economic and political, social, is the emerging bourgeoisie in the ideological and cultural fields, anti feudal struggle.
恩格斯曾高度评价"文艺复兴"在历史上的进步作用。他写道："这是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革，是一个需要巨人而且产生了巨人--在思维能力、热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代。 "（注：《马克思恩格斯选集》第三卷第445页。）
Engels spoke highly of the "progressive role in Renaissance" in the history of. He wrote: "this is a human has never experienced the greatest, progressive change, the need is a giant and a giant - in thinking ability, passion and character, versatile and have a large stock of information in the era of giants. "(Note:" Marx Engels collection "third volumes of 445th pages.)
如果说地理大发现是人类向未知的物质世界进军的话，那么文艺复兴则是人类向未知的精神世界的进军，是在精神世界中进行的探索。这个探索在文学、艺术、政治思想及自然科学领域内创造了丰硕的成果。文艺复兴的重大历史意义在于它促使欧洲人从以神为中心过渡到以人为中心，在于人的觉醒，在于人们把重点从来世转移到现世。它唤醒了人们积极进取的精神、创造精神以及科学实验的精神，从而在精神方面为资本主义制度的胜利和确立开辟了道路。文艺复兴在欧洲历史发展中占有重要地位。
If the discovery of human geography to the material world into the unknown, then Renaissance is human to the spiritual world into the unknown, is in the spiritual world in the exploration. This exploration has created great achievements in literature, art, political and ideological fields of natural sciences and. Renaissance of great historical significance in that it prompted the Europeans in God as the center from the transition to the human as the center, is the people's awakening, lie in the people to shift the focus from the next life to the present world. It awakened people's entrepreneurial spirit, creative spirit and the spirit of scientific experiments, and in the spirit of open road victory for the capitalist system and establishment. Renaissance plays an important role in the European history.
首先是人的发现。与中世纪对比，文艺复兴在意识形态领域内带来了一系列巨大的变化。最突出的变化是关于人价值观念的转变。在中世纪，理想的人应该是自卑、消极、无所作为的，人在世界上的意义不足称道。文艺复兴发现了人和人的伟大，肯定了人的价值和创造力，提出人要获得解放，个性应该自由。重视人的价值，要求发挥人的聪明才智及创造性潜力，反对消极的无所作为的人生态度，提倡积极冒险精神。重视现世生活，藐视关于来世或天堂的虚无飘渺的神话，因而追求物质幸福及肉欲上的满足，反对宗教禁欲主义。在文学艺术上要求表达人的感情，反对虚伪和矫揉造作。如：彼特拉克的《歌集》，薄伽丘的《十日谈》。重视科学实验，反对先验论；强调运用人的理智，反对盲从；要求发展个性，反对禁锢人性；在道德观念上要求放纵，反对自我克制；提倡"公民道德"，认为事业成功及发家致富就是道德行为。提倡乐观主义的人生态度。这种不可抑制的求知欲和追根究底的探求精神，对一切事物都要研究个究竟，决不满足于一知半解的精神，为创造现世的幸福而奋斗的乐观进取精神，把人们从中世纪基督教神学的桎梏下解放出来，资产阶级正是在这种精神的指引下创造近代资本主义世界的。1500年前后的地理大发现，就是这种人文主义精神的外在表现。意大利是文艺复兴的发源地，而"地理大发现"的主角哥伦布和卡波特都是意大利人。他们都是在人文主义精神的鼓舞下参加地理探险事业的。哥伦布不顾艰难险阻，投身于充满危险，艰苦的探险事业，就说明他富于乐观进取和积极冒险的精神。趋使他远渡重洋，翻水越浪的动力，是寻找黄金的强烈欲望，也是为了追求现世幸福的渴望。向西寻找去东方的航路，是建立在地球是圆形的科学信念上的，也说明他坚信科学实验的精神及探求精神。可以说"地理大发现"是文艺复兴运动的副产品。当然促成地理大发现还有一系列其它因素及条件，但是地理大发现与文艺复兴的时代精神相吻合，是毫无疑义的。
The first is found in people. Compared with the middle ages, the Renaissance brought a series of great changes in the ideological sphere. The most prominent change is the change on people's values. In the middle ages, the ideal person should be inferior, passive, attempt nothing and accomplish nothing, people in the world the meaning of inadequate. The Renaissance has discovered that people's great, affirmed the value and creativity, make people to obtain the liberation of personality should be free. Attention to value of people, asked to play one's ability and cleverness and creative potential, the attempt nothing and accomplish nothing against the negative attitude towards life, to promote a positive spirit of adventure. Attention to this life, the afterlife or the aeriality heaven despised a myth, the pursuit of material well-being and carnal desire of satisfy, as opposed to religious asceticism. To request the literary and artistic expression of one's feelings, against the hypocrisy and affectation. Such as: Pytlak's "Songs", Bio's "Decameron". Pay attention to scientific experiments, opposes apriorism; emphasized the use of reason, opposing follow blindly; requires the development of individuality, against the detention of humanity; require indulgence in the moral sense, against the self-restraint; promote "civic virtue", think a successful career and enrich one's family is the moral behavior. Promote optimism attitude towards life. The irrepressible curiosity and to explore the spirit, to study it in all things, not satisfied to have a superficial knowledge of the spirit, and strive to create this world happy optimistic and enterprising spirit, the people from the medieval Christian theology, the liberation of the shackles, the bourgeoisie is the creation of modern capitalist world in under the guidance of the spirit. In 1500, before and after the great geographical discovery, is the external manifestation of this spirit of humanism. Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance, and "geographical discovery" the protagonist of Kolumb and Capote were italian. They are all in the geographical exploration work in the spirit of humanism inspired by. Kolumb regardless of hardships and dangers, engaged in dangerous, arduous exploration business, it shows that he is optimistic and positive spirit of adventure. He yuanduzhongyang trend, turning the water overtopping the driving force, is the strong desire to find gold, but also to the pursuit of earthly happiness desire. Looking westward route to the Orient, is based on the earth is round scientific belief, also shows that he is convinced that the spirit of scientific experiments and explore the spirit. It can be said that "the great geographical discovery" is a by-product of the renaissance. Of course, led to a series of other factors and conditions of the great geographical discovery, but the great geographical discovery and Renaissance era spirits, is be beyond all doubt.
The next Renaissance has broken the religious mysticism rule all the land situation, effectively promote and influence of the reformation, and provide an important boost for this movement. The Renaissance to promote attention to this life, anti authority, among aroused in the contemporary Catholic Church and the theology of suspicion and resentment. Such as: Beek Canterbury gift of the pseudo debate, led to the outbreak of the reformation movement. From Luther's thinking was remarkable. Luther believed that people are more important than the monarch: "I am a person, this title more than the monarch. The reason is: God did not create the monarchy, only God created man, so that I become a man. "From the single to his own marriage, that he attached importance to human values, attention to worldly pleasures. This shows that he accepted the strong influence of the renaissance. The humanist Renaissance through literature, art and other forms of satire, exposing the Catholic Church * * * * and ugly. Such as: Erasmus "Julius", "Yu" rejected "to expose the ugly church, provides a number of powerful shells as Luther attack catholic. Renaissance on the formation of the new doctrine had influence. Erasmus edited the Greek text of the new "Bible", this work will help restore the distorted and concealed the true teachings of christ. His work paved the way for the development of new doctrine of Martin Luther, no wonder that Erasmus had half make fun of to say: he first laid an egg, and then Luther use this egg to hatch chickens. These examples are fully described Renaissance power of religious reform. Since then, the world never know, not for, the impossible, and that may be possible.
第三、文艺复兴打破了经院哲学统一的局面，为以后的思想进步扫清了道路，使各种世俗哲学兴起。其中有英国的经验论唯物主义。它也推动了政治学说的发展，马基雅维利以后，有格劳秀斯、斯宾诺莎、霍布斯、米尔顿和洛克等一大批思想家，发展起"自然权利"、"社会契约"、"人民革命权"以及"三权分立"等理论。所有这些为启蒙运动和资产阶级革命做了充分的思想准备。
Third, the Renaissance has broken the scholastic philosophy unified situation, for the later thought progress clearing the way, make all kinds of secular philosophy. The British experience of materialism. It also promoted the development of political theory, after Machiavelli, Grotius, Spinoza, with Hobbes, Milton and Rock such a large number of thinkers, the development of "natural rights", "the social contract", "the people's right of revolution" and "separation of the three powers" theory. All of these for the enlightenment and the bourgeois revolution made ideological preparation.
第四、否定了封建特权。在中世纪，封建特权是天经地义，门第观念根深蒂固。文艺复兴则使这些东西在衡量人的天平上丧失了过去的重量。人的高贵被赋予新的内涵。波吉奥认为，只有个人的美德才是高贵。彼得拉克说："真正的贵族并非天生，而是自为的。"在当时意大利的社会生活中，才干、手段和金钱代替了出身门第，成为任何出身的人爬上社会顶端的阶梯。米兰大公斯福查原不过是个农民；佛罗伦萨的统治者美第奇则出身商人。封建贵族被剥夺了特权，如果个人无能无为，在社会上也不再是最受尊敬的人，贵族作为一个阶层也不是社会上最受尊敬的阶层。
Fourth, denied the feudal privileges. In the middle ages, feudal privilege is as unalterable principles, family status idea ingrained. The Renaissance is that these things in a measure of balance lost weight. The dignity of the human person is endowed with new connotation. Poggio think, only personal virtue is a noble. Peter Lark said: "the true nobility is not innate, but for self. "At the time of Italy's social life, talent, and instead of money from the door, into the ladder any man climbed to the top. Milan Dagong Roosevelt check original but is a farmer; the ruler of Florence Medici was businessman. The feudal nobles were deprived of privileges, if a person incompetent inaction, also in the community is no longer the most respected people, noble as a class are not society's most respected class.
第五、否定了君权神授。在中世纪，国家和君主被说成是上帝所赐，为的是拯求堕落的人类。君主是上帝的代表，对君主的服从是一种宗教义务。但人文主义者却把国家看作世俗幸福的工具，它的基本任务是维护社会安全与和平。他们相信，君主如果成为暴君，必为人民所****，这是历史规律。他们反对****，提出自由和平等的口号。自由的概念不同于古代，具有了鲜明的政治内容。布鲁尼把每个市民有同等机会参加政府管理和批评自由称为"真正的自由"。平等也不再是早期基督教那种在上帝面前的平等，而是在法律面前的平等。布鲁尼明确地提出全体市民在法律面前的平等。
Fifth, denied the divine right of kings. In the middle ages, countries and the monarch is said to God, to be caring for the fall of man. The monarch is the representative of God, the monarch's obedience is a religious obligation. But a humanist but of the country as a secular happiness tool, its basic task is to maintain social security and peace. They believe that, if the king be tyrants, will people's * * * *, this is the historical law. They opposed the * * * *, puts forward the slogan of freedom and equality. The concept of freedom is different from the ancient times, has a distinct political content. Bruni put each people have equal opportunity to take part in the government management and the freedom to criticize called "true freedom". Equality is not early Christianity that equality before God, but the equality before the law. Bruni made it clear that all the people in the equality before the law.
第六、破除迷信，解放思想。文艺复兴恢复了理性、尊严和思索的价值。虽然文艺复兴在哲学上成就不大，但是它摧毁了僵化死板的经院哲学体系，提倡科学方法和科学实验，提出"知识就是力量"，开创了探索人和现实世界的新风气。人们坚信自己的眼睛和自己的头脑，相信实验和经验才是可靠的知识来源。这种求是态度、这种思维方式、这种科学方法为17、18及19世纪的自然科学的大发展打下了坚实的基础。
Sixth, do away with all fetishes and superstitions, emancipating the mind. Renaissance recovered, dignity and value of rational thinking. Although the Renaissance achievements in philosophy is not big, but it destroyed the scholastic philosophy system rigid and inflexible, advocating scientific method and scientific experiments, put forward "knowledge is power", to create a new atmosphere exploration and real world. People believe his own eyes and mind, believe the experiment and experience is the only reliable source of knowledge. This is attitude, this way of thinking, the scientific method for the development of 17, 18 and nineteenth Century natural scientific and lay a solid foundation.
第七、文艺复兴时期创造出大量富有魅力的精湛的艺术品及文学杰作，成为人类艺术宝库中的无价的瑰宝，永放光芒。中世纪，圣经传说充斥艺坛，窒息了艺术的生命。文艺复兴则不但把圣母变成人间妇女，把使徒像化为对人体的歌颂，而且开始了日常生活和现实人的直接描写。解剖了透视等科学也第一次结合于艺术。西欧近代现实主义艺术从此发端。
Seventh, the Renaissance created a great deal of charm of art and literary masterpiece, become human art treasure trove of priceless treasures, shine forever. The medieval legend, the Bible is full of art, suffocation of the art of life. The Renaissance is not only the mother into a human woman, the apostles to human praise, and began to direct description of daily life and the reality of people. Anatomy the perspective of science but also for the first time with art. Modern western realistic art from the beginning.
The above shows that the Renaissance did in the ideological field has brought a great liberation. It is called in the ideological field and medieval a big break. In the ideological content, tendency that tend to direct reality, tend to earthly pleasures and worldly interests and adapt to the capitalist mode of production. Individual freedom is the first condition of bourgeois expansion activities. Political equality and political freedom is the construction of nobles and * * * * rule. On the exploration and scientific study of real people and the world, is also necessary for the development of capitalism. So Engels pointed out, the Renaissance Philosophy and "small bourgeois development process for the big bourgeoisie adapt ideology of philosophy" (Note: "Marx Engels collection" fourth volumes of 250th pages.). If the Renaissance has established ideology rather pompous, bourgeois complete but, laid the foundation for the Renaissance is the ideology, has opened up a new era of scientific culture is undeniable. From the thought manner of speaking, the meaning is more great renaissance. It first broke the medieval theology and other outside authority on the thought firmly bound. It not only abandoned God's eyes to eyes, but also with their own eyes to observe the people, society and nature. Da Finch said: "who rely on quoting authority to debate, he is not the use of reason. "(Note:" foreign philosophy of natural science data collection "sixth series of forty-seventh pages.) Use your own reason, use their brains, using their judgment, not repeat word for word what others say, without thinking, the so-called God conclusion as beyond the absolute authority of all. This is the Renaissance building principle.
这样，文艺复兴就为以后的思想进步扫清了道路。从此，自然科学大踏步地前进。从哥白尼到牛顿，自然科学的发展使上帝的立足之地日益缩小。"礼拜堂日趋没落，实验室欣欣向荣。"（注：费尔南·布罗代尔着，顾良、张慧君译《资本主义论丛》，中央编译出版社1997年版第32页。）人类开始向自然挑战，向神学挑战，向人类本身挑战。
In this way, the Renaissance was later cleared the way for ideological progress. Since then, the natural science advance with great strides. From Copernicus to Newton, the development of natural science to make God's a place to live in is shrinking. "Chapel declined, thriving in laboratory. "(Note: Fernand Braudel, Gu Liang, Zhang Huijun." "capitalism, Westview press, 1997 edition, page thirty-second.) Human nature began to challenge, to the theological challenge, a challenge to mankind itself.
虽然这个时期的艺术家、文人学者都大力表现和发扬人文主义精神，认识和揭露天主教会和教皇的腐朽、罪恶，但由于他们所处的时代的局限，还是乐于接受教皇及教会的保护，对教会势力抱和解的态度，人文主义者没有也不可能彻底地抛弃宗教；虽然大多数人文主义思想家提到了民主政治的思想，要求民主自由，但无论在思想解放程度、革命斗争精神和政治要求方面，都具有早期的、不成熟的特色。其民主政治的理论都带有早期的不成熟的特点。但它冲破封建枷锁的开创性作用，是任何运动也不能替代的。
Although this period of artists, scholars have strong performance and carry forward the spirit of humanism, understand and expose the Catholic Church and the Pope's decadent, evil, but because of the limitations of the times, or are willing to accept the protection of the Pope and the church, the church and hold solution attitude, humanists did not and could not completely abandon religion; although most humanism thinkers mentioned the concept of democracy, demand freedom and democracy, but regardless of ideological emancipation degree, revolutionary struggle spirit and political requirements, have early, immature characteristics. The democratic political theory with early immature characteristics. But it broke the feudal shackles of pioneering role, any movement is not a substitute for the.