Although Marx himself did not directly have written articles in international relations theory, but his study of capitalism give enlightenment on many scholars in international relations. The latter using Marxist research methods to analyze the problems in international relations, has obtained the good effect. Marxist theory of international relations research is of great significance. World system theory and the new Marxism, on the basis of Marxist theory(Marx, M. 1973) as a starting point, analysis of international relations and reviewed in this paper, but because of the different attitude towards Marxism theory heritage, is there much difference between them.
Marx's theory about international relations
Marxist theory of international relations research is of great significance. Marx in wrote quite a lot of articles on international issues, he is quite deep to research in the field of international relations(Anderson, P. 1974). Marx died, many of the people who inspired by the research methods to apply Marxism in the field of international relations, with the theory of Marxism to observe and analyze the international problems.
There are two aspects to the development of Marxist theory of meaning. On the one hand, Marx himself to his own thought constantly reflection, transcendence, promoted the progress of Marxism theory. Marx as a productive theorist, his mind is constantly updated and changing, from different periods of his works can be seen that, later generations on Marx some theoretical explanation of some discrepancy or conflict, is understandable(Arrighi, G. 2003). Future generations of Marxist theory, on the other hand, supplement and correction, to promote the development of the theory. In Marx's death, the real world has changed, Marx some judge flaw was discovered. As a result, some people according to the real world situation changed the theory, or put their ideas and the traditional Marxism fuses in together, so as to promote the progress of the theory. This paper discussed two international relations theory, from the standpoint of Marxism, analyze the international relations and reviewed in this paper. The two theories is one of the world system theory and the new Marxism. Although they have distinguishing feature each, but the following is the coexistence of them.
It should be noted that although the following talk about both the international relations theory in Marxism as a starting point, but according to different attitude, they are the heritage of Marx's theory also has bigger difference between them(Biersteker, T. J. 1999). New Marxist works more directly using Marx's initial thought, could be called loyal Marxists. While world system theory is less applied, can be regarded as a Marxist.
World system theory
Tell from the time, world system theory, the earliest efforts to apply Marxism systematically the international field. Approach to the study of the theory, there are two important characteristics(Walker, R. B. J. 1995), first of all, all political since modern times, whether domestic or international, are produced within the framework of the capitalist world economy; Second, in world politics, the country is not the only important actors, some social class is also very important. Also, the national and class in the positioning of the capitalist world economic structure determines their behavior, interaction and who dominance.
Immanuel Wallerstein(1994) is an excellent representative of world system theory. In his view, the main form of social organization is one of the world system. There are two kinds of in the history of the world system: the world empire system and the world economic system. Who decide the difference between the two systems, namely, who decided to resource allocation, or who has something. Empire in the world system, the centralism countries use their power to get resources to get the center from the edge of the region. In the world economic system, there are no easy political power center, but the center of a large number of competing power, resource is not allocated by the central law but take the market as the medium to allocate. "Because of the machine and the application of steam, the size of the division of labor has made out of the country's largest industrial rely solely on the world market, international exchange and international division of labor.
According to world system theory, the three regions of the world economy together to form a kind of use, the relationship between central countries use higher wages (low intensity), high profits and high capital intensive products, exchange of edges area low wages (high strength), low profits, low capital intensive products. To occupy the rest value.
As Engels(1951) pointed out in his book “The British working class status”, "the British should become a world factory "; all other countries should be the same as the Irish in Britain, as Britain's industrial products sales market, at the same time, supply of raw materials and food. It British agriculture is the world's great industrial center, is the sun industry, a growing number of grain and cotton production satellites around it(Teschke, B. 2003). Capital international division of labor makes the capitalist mode of production of the righteous Lord developed countries, according to the capitalist mode of production and adapt to the country of degree for consumption and production. As a result, the wealth from the periphery to center, in the entire history of the modern world system, central state of various advantage has been expanding.
New Marxism
Than the world system theory, gramsci's doctrine, and critical theory, the new Marxist thoughts on more directly from Marx's own work, his thoughts returned to the fundamental principles of Marxism, they managed to recycle those who they think has been ignored by later generations or some misunderstanding. On this basis, they tried to criticism within the scope of the Marxist theory is the development, the other on the other hand make the theory more suitable for understanding contemporary trend of development of their own.
Marx think the capitalism is the necessary stage of human development, through the development of social productive forces of capitalism on the one hand to human liberation followed by social laid the economic foundation; On the other hand the class struggle, it is necessary for social transformation catalyst. From this point of view, Marx think the capitalism by colonial introducing colony should be seen as a positive progress, though it needs to pay the price and is a painful process.
However, Lenin thought capitalism in the colony behavior is backwards. Say it back, not only because it does not have the basis of the productivity of the third world, and because the profit gained by the capitalists to extract colonies, part to the center of the country's working class, undermining the revolutionary potential of these countries. Therefore, in Lenin's view, imperialism is the development of capitalism to the stage, it won't do any progress indeed imperialism is both the highest stage of capitalism and its final stages.
Britain's new Marxist , Bill Warren against Lenin this view. In his book “The pioneers of the imperialism, capitalism”(Hobson, J. M. 2005), He pointed out that Lenin no matter in theory or in practice are wrong. By contrast, he points out that Marx's route or basic right. Warren believes that capitalism is the periphery completed its historical mission, this is mainly embodied in promoting the development of the local productivity. This will produce more of the urban working class, which is beneficial to the future of social transformation. Imperialism, therefore, should be seen as the pioneers of the capitalism, not the highest stage.
Warren was investigated in the third world think after within the scope of the development of capitalism, colonialism obviously promoted the development of the local, this mainly displays in three aspects: health care, education and commodity production. Each of these ways for the long-term development of productive forces laid the important foundation. On health care, warren noticed the colonial world life expectancy in the extension and the decline in child mortality, this led to a large number of population growth. In terms of education, warren points out that in the third world, receiving elementary, intermediate, especially senior education is rising rapidly, the proportion of people this speed even faster than the previous European. In the aspect of commodity production, stimulate the rapid growth in the colonial period of consumer goods in the third world countries the rapid development of the domestic production.
Warren thinks, as the end of the colonial era, the third world countries has a larger increase of productivity and wealth. This growth is not balanced, of course, some of the development of better, and there are not very desirable, this is the inevitable trend of the development of capitalism. Cannot be denied because of this the historical progress of capitalism(Gamble, A. 1999).
Justin Rosenberg analysis center is the nature of the changes of the international system and social relationships(Smith, S. 2002). The theoretical starting point is the current international relations theory of criticism. Realism says it provides the objective description of the history of international relations, - think of the international system is autonomous and independent of the political system. But Rosenberg thought, a system of independent is based on the internal characteristics of social relations, the two are connected with each other. Similarly, Rosenberg think anarchism theory contained in Marx's analysis of capitalism, the analysis concluded that the state is the essence of capitalist mode of production. After all, all the workers are in a competition under the condition of each other.
New Marxists believe that capitalism's contribution to the world economy bring the benefits to the third world countries, especially to promote the commodity production and improvement of the education in these countries(Teschke, B. 2003). In the 19th and 20th century, the capitalist industrial countries in order to obtain the mineral and other natural resources, some poor countries invest in these countries, objectively brought new technology and equipment, to promote the development of these countries. Some western education concept is also introduced to the third world, such as backward area of the students have a chance to study in developed countries, which brings the periphery is advantageous to the development condition.
Conclusion
More emphasis on the world system theory system of regularity, and the new Marxism attach more importance to anarchy. System theory is that the space of the world economy is relatively stable, the interaction between center and edge of the countries, national wealth from periphery to center. World system present a regular cycle, the development of economy is always experienced prosperity and decline, the trend in the long term has a certain predictability. Notice the world system theory system of law, but also not avoid contradictions within the system. The theory system of contradiction and crisis is also an expression of the regularity. The new Marxist thought of anarchy in international relations from the essence of capitalist mode of production. The capitalist mode of production is labor distribution in the whole society is anarchic, and labor in the field of concrete production allocation and orderly, it promoted the competition between the capitalists. In the international community, as a result of production relations is the nature of capitalism, only under the anarchy, the capitalists to international competition, the relations between countries will start, can say, anarchy is the main characteristics of today's international relations, is the world's economy in a certain historical stage.
World system present a regular cycle, the development of economy is always experienced prosperity and decline, the trend in the long term has a certain predictability. Notice the world system theory system of law, but also not avoid contradictions within the system. The theory system of contradiction and crisis is also an expression of the regularity. The new Marxist thought of anarchy in international relations from the essence of capitalist mode of production. The capitalist mode of production is labor distribution in the whole society is anarchic, and labor in the field of concrete production allocation and orderly, it promoted the competition between the capitalists. In the international community, as a result of production relations is the nature of capitalism, only under the anarchy, the capitalists to international competition, the relations between countries will start, can say, anarchy is the main characteristics of today's international relations, is the world's economy in a certain historical stage.
References
Marx, M. 1973. [1857-58] Grundrisse, tr. M. Nicholaus (Penguin: Harmondsworth)
Anderson, P. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso)
Arrighi, G. 2003. ‘The Rise of East Asia and the Withering Away of the Interstate System’ in N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones and G. Macleod (eds.) State/Space: A Reader (London: Blackwell)
Biersteker, T. J. 1999. ‘Eroding Boundaries, Contested Terrain’ in International Studies Review, 1:1, 3-9
Gamble, A. 1999. ‘Marxism after Communism: beyond Realism and Historicism’ in Review of International Studies, 25:5, 127-144
Halliday, F. 1994. ‘A Necessary Encounter: Historical Materialism and International Relations’ in Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 47-73
Hobson, J. M. 2005. ‘Deconstructing Rosenberg’s ‘Contribution to the Critique of Global Political Economy’: A (re)view from a non-Eurocentric bridge of the world’ in International Politics, 42:3, 372-380
Laffey, M. 2004. ‘The red herring of economism: a reply to Marieke de Goede’ in Review of International Studies, 30:3, 459-468
Smith, S. 2002. ‘The United States and the Discipline of International Relations: “Hegemonic Country, Hegemonic Discipline”’ in International Studies Review, 4:2, 67-85
Teschke, B. 2003. The myth of 1648: class, geopolitics, and the making of modern international relations (London: Verso)
Thompson, E. P. 1978 [1965]. ‘The Peculiarities of the English’ in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Merlin)
Walker, R. B. J. 1995. Inside/outside: international relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
Marx's theory about international relations
Marxist theory of international relations research is of great significance. Marx in wrote quite a lot of articles on international issues, he is quite deep to research in the field of international relations(Anderson, P. 1974). Marx died, many of the people who inspired by the research methods to apply Marxism in the field of international relations, with the theory of Marxism to observe and analyze the international problems.
There are two aspects to the development of Marxist theory of meaning. On the one hand, Marx himself to his own thought constantly reflection, transcendence, promoted the progress of Marxism theory. Marx as a productive theorist, his mind is constantly updated and changing, from different periods of his works can be seen that, later generations on Marx some theoretical explanation of some discrepancy or conflict, is understandable(Arrighi, G. 2003). Future generations of Marxist theory, on the other hand, supplement and correction, to promote the development of the theory. In Marx's death, the real world has changed, Marx some judge flaw was discovered. As a result, some people according to the real world situation changed the theory, or put their ideas and the traditional Marxism fuses in together, so as to promote the progress of the theory. This paper discussed two international relations theory, from the standpoint of Marxism, analyze the international relations and reviewed in this paper. The two theories is one of the world system theory and the new Marxism. Although they have distinguishing feature each, but the following is the coexistence of them.
It should be noted that although the following talk about both the international relations theory in Marxism as a starting point, but according to different attitude, they are the heritage of Marx's theory also has bigger difference between them(Biersteker, T. J. 1999). New Marxist works more directly using Marx's initial thought, could be called loyal Marxists. While world system theory is less applied, can be regarded as a Marxist.
World system theory
Tell from the time, world system theory, the earliest efforts to apply Marxism systematically the international field. Approach to the study of the theory, there are two important characteristics(Walker, R. B. J. 1995), first of all, all political since modern times, whether domestic or international, are produced within the framework of the capitalist world economy; Second, in world politics, the country is not the only important actors, some social class is also very important. Also, the national and class in the positioning of the capitalist world economic structure determines their behavior, interaction and who dominance.
Immanuel Wallerstein(1994) is an excellent representative of world system theory. In his view, the main form of social organization is one of the world system. There are two kinds of in the history of the world system: the world empire system and the world economic system. Who decide the difference between the two systems, namely, who decided to resource allocation, or who has something. Empire in the world system, the centralism countries use their power to get resources to get the center from the edge of the region. In the world economic system, there are no easy political power center, but the center of a large number of competing power, resource is not allocated by the central law but take the market as the medium to allocate. "Because of the machine and the application of steam, the size of the division of labor has made out of the country's largest industrial rely solely on the world market, international exchange and international division of labor.
According to world system theory, the three regions of the world economy together to form a kind of use, the relationship between central countries use higher wages (low intensity), high profits and high capital intensive products, exchange of edges area low wages (high strength), low profits, low capital intensive products. To occupy the rest value.
As Engels(1951) pointed out in his book “The British working class status”, "the British should become a world factory "; all other countries should be the same as the Irish in Britain, as Britain's industrial products sales market, at the same time, supply of raw materials and food. It British agriculture is the world's great industrial center, is the sun industry, a growing number of grain and cotton production satellites around it(Teschke, B. 2003). Capital international division of labor makes the capitalist mode of production of the righteous Lord developed countries, according to the capitalist mode of production and adapt to the country of degree for consumption and production. As a result, the wealth from the periphery to center, in the entire history of the modern world system, central state of various advantage has been expanding.
New Marxism
Than the world system theory, gramsci's doctrine, and critical theory, the new Marxist thoughts on more directly from Marx's own work, his thoughts returned to the fundamental principles of Marxism, they managed to recycle those who they think has been ignored by later generations or some misunderstanding. On this basis, they tried to criticism within the scope of the Marxist theory is the development, the other on the other hand make the theory more suitable for understanding contemporary trend of development of their own.
Marx think the capitalism is the necessary stage of human development, through the development of social productive forces of capitalism on the one hand to human liberation followed by social laid the economic foundation; On the other hand the class struggle, it is necessary for social transformation catalyst. From this point of view, Marx think the capitalism by colonial introducing colony should be seen as a positive progress, though it needs to pay the price and is a painful process.
However, Lenin thought capitalism in the colony behavior is backwards. Say it back, not only because it does not have the basis of the productivity of the third world, and because the profit gained by the capitalists to extract colonies, part to the center of the country's working class, undermining the revolutionary potential of these countries. Therefore, in Lenin's view, imperialism is the development of capitalism to the stage, it won't do any progress indeed imperialism is both the highest stage of capitalism and its final stages.
Britain's new Marxist , Bill Warren against Lenin this view. In his book “The pioneers of the imperialism, capitalism”(Hobson, J. M. 2005), He pointed out that Lenin no matter in theory or in practice are wrong. By contrast, he points out that Marx's route or basic right. Warren believes that capitalism is the periphery completed its historical mission, this is mainly embodied in promoting the development of the local productivity. This will produce more of the urban working class, which is beneficial to the future of social transformation. Imperialism, therefore, should be seen as the pioneers of the capitalism, not the highest stage.
Warren was investigated in the third world think after within the scope of the development of capitalism, colonialism obviously promoted the development of the local, this mainly displays in three aspects: health care, education and commodity production. Each of these ways for the long-term development of productive forces laid the important foundation. On health care, warren noticed the colonial world life expectancy in the extension and the decline in child mortality, this led to a large number of population growth. In terms of education, warren points out that in the third world, receiving elementary, intermediate, especially senior education is rising rapidly, the proportion of people this speed even faster than the previous European. In the aspect of commodity production, stimulate the rapid growth in the colonial period of consumer goods in the third world countries the rapid development of the domestic production.
Warren thinks, as the end of the colonial era, the third world countries has a larger increase of productivity and wealth. This growth is not balanced, of course, some of the development of better, and there are not very desirable, this is the inevitable trend of the development of capitalism. Cannot be denied because of this the historical progress of capitalism(Gamble, A. 1999).
Justin Rosenberg analysis center is the nature of the changes of the international system and social relationships(Smith, S. 2002). The theoretical starting point is the current international relations theory of criticism. Realism says it provides the objective description of the history of international relations, - think of the international system is autonomous and independent of the political system. But Rosenberg thought, a system of independent is based on the internal characteristics of social relations, the two are connected with each other. Similarly, Rosenberg think anarchism theory contained in Marx's analysis of capitalism, the analysis concluded that the state is the essence of capitalist mode of production. After all, all the workers are in a competition under the condition of each other.
New Marxists believe that capitalism's contribution to the world economy bring the benefits to the third world countries, especially to promote the commodity production and improvement of the education in these countries(Teschke, B. 2003). In the 19th and 20th century, the capitalist industrial countries in order to obtain the mineral and other natural resources, some poor countries invest in these countries, objectively brought new technology and equipment, to promote the development of these countries. Some western education concept is also introduced to the third world, such as backward area of the students have a chance to study in developed countries, which brings the periphery is advantageous to the development condition.
Conclusion
More emphasis on the world system theory system of regularity, and the new Marxism attach more importance to anarchy. System theory is that the space of the world economy is relatively stable, the interaction between center and edge of the countries, national wealth from periphery to center. World system present a regular cycle, the development of economy is always experienced prosperity and decline, the trend in the long term has a certain predictability. Notice the world system theory system of law, but also not avoid contradictions within the system. The theory system of contradiction and crisis is also an expression of the regularity. The new Marxist thought of anarchy in international relations from the essence of capitalist mode of production. The capitalist mode of production is labor distribution in the whole society is anarchic, and labor in the field of concrete production allocation and orderly, it promoted the competition between the capitalists. In the international community, as a result of production relations is the nature of capitalism, only under the anarchy, the capitalists to international competition, the relations between countries will start, can say, anarchy is the main characteristics of today's international relations, is the world's economy in a certain historical stage.
World system present a regular cycle, the development of economy is always experienced prosperity and decline, the trend in the long term has a certain predictability. Notice the world system theory system of law, but also not avoid contradictions within the system. The theory system of contradiction and crisis is also an expression of the regularity. The new Marxist thought of anarchy in international relations from the essence of capitalist mode of production. The capitalist mode of production is labor distribution in the whole society is anarchic, and labor in the field of concrete production allocation and orderly, it promoted the competition between the capitalists. In the international community, as a result of production relations is the nature of capitalism, only under the anarchy, the capitalists to international competition, the relations between countries will start, can say, anarchy is the main characteristics of today's international relations, is the world's economy in a certain historical stage.
References
Marx, M. 1973. [1857-58] Grundrisse, tr. M. Nicholaus (Penguin: Harmondsworth)
Anderson, P. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso)
Arrighi, G. 2003. ‘The Rise of East Asia and the Withering Away of the Interstate System’ in N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones and G. Macleod (eds.) State/Space: A Reader (London: Blackwell)
Biersteker, T. J. 1999. ‘Eroding Boundaries, Contested Terrain’ in International Studies Review, 1:1, 3-9
Gamble, A. 1999. ‘Marxism after Communism: beyond Realism and Historicism’ in Review of International Studies, 25:5, 127-144
Halliday, F. 1994. ‘A Necessary Encounter: Historical Materialism and International Relations’ in Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 47-73
Hobson, J. M. 2005. ‘Deconstructing Rosenberg’s ‘Contribution to the Critique of Global Political Economy’: A (re)view from a non-Eurocentric bridge of the world’ in International Politics, 42:3, 372-380
Laffey, M. 2004. ‘The red herring of economism: a reply to Marieke de Goede’ in Review of International Studies, 30:3, 459-468
Smith, S. 2002. ‘The United States and the Discipline of International Relations: “Hegemonic Country, Hegemonic Discipline”’ in International Studies Review, 4:2, 67-85
Teschke, B. 2003. The myth of 1648: class, geopolitics, and the making of modern international relations (London: Verso)
Thompson, E. P. 1978 [1965]. ‘The Peculiarities of the English’ in The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays (London: Merlin)
Walker, R. B. J. 1995. Inside/outside: international relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)