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1. Introduction

 
For the sake of clear illustration and brief introduction of this thesis, three aspects will be included in this chapter. They are, respectively, research background, the necessity as well as the structure of this thesis. Here are the detailed contents.
 
1.1 Research Background
With the development of globalization and the improvement of China’s status in the world, an increasing number of interactions and co-operations in politics, economy, as well as culture among China and other countries are inevitable, involving more and more Chinese-featured words. Chinese-featured words is a kind of special and significant classification in the lexical resources and is used to express a concept, a political term, a phenomenon, or something peculiar to China with distinctive Chinese characteristics. Compared to the foreign language vocabulary or some ordinary words, the so called Chinese-featured words is a unique linguistic phenomenon and make it prominent during the process of Sino-foreign intercommunication. To fully understand the essential meaning of those words in Chinese is needed when doing a translation or interpreting of the materials including Chinese-featured words. However, the way to understand the context of certain words are to know when and in which condition the words have been used.
The notion of context first noted by a British anthropologist Malinowski Bronislaw in The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Languages, is also a cornerstone in language study. Malinowski pointed: “The context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words. A word without linguistic context is a mere figment and stands for nothing but itself.” And “the utterance has no meaning except in the context of situation.”(1923) However, the vocabulary is the fastest-changed aspect in a language and is influenced and restricted by society. Some words may be endowed with a different sense under a changeable historical background. Therefore, it might confuse the translators. In this thesis, attempts will be made to introduce the transition of Chinese-featured words translation in the changing context. Classic examples in diverse aspects will be given in order to enlighten the translators and interpreters as to the attentions of these special words.

 

1.2 Necessity of the Research
Previously, the relevant theses were mainly written about the studies of the translation methodologies and translation strategies of Chinese-featured words or only engaged in researches of the context itself, while the analyses on their integrated study were very few. However, the emphasis of this thesis will be put on studying the combination of Chinese-featured words and context simultaneously, which fills the vacancy of this field. The author will research the transition of Chinese-featured words translation in dynamic contexts with the social development in China. Those are old words, but given a new meaning today.
Translators or interpreters are required to deal with special, but crucial words, when doing some kind of translation or interpreting, especially dealing with foreign affairs. However, some translators are still using the outdated translations even in a dynamic context. This thesis is expected to help more translators or interpreters to deepen understanding and master the translations of some classic Chinese-featured words that Chinese people usually use in daily life. Developing and advancing with the passing of time is indispensable through translating and interpreting. Only by doing this, can people diffuse modern and new Chinese culture, as well as raise efficiency and upgrade the quality of communication, which can enhance cultural contacts.
 
1.3 Structure of the Thesis
This thesis is composed of five chapters and the following sequence represents how it runs. Chapter One gives a basic introduction about the background and necessity of the research as well as the thesis structure. In Chapter Two, context will be presented as a sequence of its definition, features and the influence of situational context change on translation. While in Chapter Three, the thesis will move on to next pivotal content, the definition and characteristics of Chinese-featured words, reasons of semantic changes and how these changes impact the translation. Chapter Four is the most important part in this thesis which occupies the major length; the analyses on different translations of Chinese-featured words in the changing contexts will be divided into three aspects, political, economic and cultural wording respectively. Finally, conclusion and limitation of the whole passage will be illustrated in Chapter Five.

 

2. Context

 
After making clear of the purpose of this thesis from chapter one, here comes the detailed exposition of context, which is one of the crucial aspects of the thesis. The reason why context is involved is because the main purpose of this thesis is for exploring the transition of Chinese-featured words translation in the changing context. Therefore, context is a key point. Furthermore, the research on the influence of context change on translation is based on the understanding of definition, features and classification of context.
 
2.1 Definition of Context

When one looks up the word Context, there are two fundamental explanations that have been given in the Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. The first definition is: “The context of an idea or event is the general situation that relates to it, and which helps it to be understood.” (Collins Dictionary, 523 ) While the second explanation goes as: “the context of a word, sentence, or text consists of the words, sentences, or text before and after it which help to make its meaning clear.”(ibid.523) By comparing these two meanings, the second definition has more equivalence to linguistic context than that of the first one. Some linguists or anthropologists, such as Malinowski, Firth, M.A.K. Holliday, Dell Hymes, also gave definitions of Context, which are convinced by most people nowadays. For example, Malinowski once proposed the concept of context as:
 
“A statement, spoken in real life, is never detached from the situation in which it has been uttered. For each verbal statement by a human being has the aim and function of expressing some thought or feeling actual at the moment and in that situation, and necessary for some reason or other to be made known to another person of persons.” (Malinowski, 1923:307)
 
The analysis of context has a long history. In 300BC, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher mentioned that the interpretation of word meaning would never be possible without taking the context of use into consideration (Geoge A. Kennedy, 2007). Though various definitions of context has been laid down, the one, SPEAKING Model, defined by Dell Hymes (1967) is most used by scholars. Eight elements are included in his definition of context: 1.Setting and Scene (the time and place in which speech takes place); 2.Participants (the speaker and audience of a speech act); 3.Ends (the expected outcomes of a speech or the personal goals participants seek to fulfill); 4. Act sequence (the order and form of what is actually said); 5.Key (the clues that establish the spirit, manner or tone of a speech act); 6. Instrumentalities (the choice of channel and the speech form employed); 7.Norms (the rule that governing participants’ action/reaction and event); 8.Genres (the medium of a speech act). These elements compose varied and flexible context in linguistic communications.
 
2.2 Features of Context
The cognition degree of utterance is based on how well the hearer grasped the context. This means the more context features the hearers caught on, the better the hearer will understand the meaning as well as deduce what the speakers will say in the following conversations. According to Gillian Brown and George Yule, the reason why the conversations are complex sometimes is because context itself possesses the following features (1983):
 
2.2.1 Dynamics
Teun Adrianus vanDijk (1977), a Dutch scholar in the fields of text linguistics, discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis, once emphasized that the first characteristic of context is feature of dynamics. While Fetzer Anita (2004) believed context is a kind of dynamic construction, it is always changing and developing during the progression of interactions. Context is not a thing that can be given before you know what will happen. The speaker and the hearer will enlarge their mutual knowledge in order to continue the conversation. They might already have a mutual knowledge with each other and sometimes obtain it during the conversation. For example,
①---A: “It was a hot Christmas day so we went down to the beach in the afternoon and had a good time swimming and surfing.”
---B: “I guess you might be frozen.”
---A: “No, not at all.”
---B: “Why? I mean I will never swim in December since it’s winter.”
---A: “Oh, you didn’t realize that I went to Australia during Christmas this year? It’s summer in December.”
Many people will be most likely to be confused when reading the sentence at the beginning of the conversation. Because in our general background knowledge, Christmas is on December 25^th every year, which is probably not a good time for people to swim and surf in the sea. Some readers might even believe this sentence is wrong since it does not correspond to the facts we already know. Others might think about this question: “Is the global warming really impacting us and changing our temperature as that bad?” However, this sentence only makes sense when the reader has the knowledge that in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Australia, Christmas falls in summer time. During the conversation, the mutual knowledge that A and B have is enlarging. As a result, B finally realizes what A said is quite reasonable. As we can see, context can determine a reader’s understanding level of what is showed to him or her.
②---A: “I collect china.”
---B: “What? How can you collect a country? ”
---A: “Lol (laugh out loud), I meant the chinaware, not the country China.
---B: “You mean there is another meaning of China?”
---A: “Yep, when the first letter is not capitalized.”
When A speaks out a sentence as:“I collect china.” B might not totally understand what “China/china” means in this sentence since there is no specific context and the word itself may have different senses, depending on capitalizing its initial letter or not. People cannot tell whether A means the country China or chinaware by hearing a mere sentence without any specific context. So B asks A for more details in order to continue their conversation.
These two examples manifest “context is not static but dynamically created by constituted contextual factors that are being activated as well as some other objective existence.”(Vershcueren, 1999) To sum up, the feature of being dynamic of context make conversations diverse and developmental; only when we follow the context, or we enlarge mutual knowledge, can we fully understand the meaning of the conversations.
 
2.2.2 Variability
As Sperber and Wilson (1996) pointed out, the understanding of utterance is based on the election of context. In any circumstance, the hearer will deal with the new information on the basis of contextual assumption in order to find the language relevance. The selection of context is one of the progress of utterance understanding. Since the identity of speaker and hearer is changing all the time during the conversation, the context is selectable. Look at the following example:
A dropped by in B’s place one evening.
---A: Do I need to take off my shoes?
---B: Well, do the same as you did in other friend’s house.
(Choice 1: A didn’t take off his shoes.)
(Choice 2: A took off his shoes.)
In this conversation, after B said: “do the same as you did in other friend’s house”, A needed to recall what he usually did in other people’s house since B didn’t give him a specific answer but asked him to make the decision by himself. In the first situation, A didn’t take off his shoes because nobody asked him to do so before; in his cognition, B meant he didn’t have to take off either. In the second situation, A should take off them because some of his friends were dread of dirt and he was forbidden to go inside their house before he took off the shoes.
In conclusion, due to context’ s distinguishing features of dynamics and variability, listeners should obtain more mutual knowledge so as to establish a cognitive context in order to enable a successful communication.
 
2.3 Classification of Context
There are numerous classifications of context from different perspectives, for example, objective context and subjective context; linguistic context and social context. While this classification, context of culture and context of situation, is always discussed by people when talking about context. The term “Context of Situation” and “Context of Culture” are created by Bronislaw Malinowsk. Context of situation indicates the actual scene that utterances form. It includes time, location, topic, and style, which means the age, characteristics and job of talkers. While context of culture more focus on the mutual culture knowledge and social background among listeners and hearers.
 
2.4 Influence of Situational Context Change on Translation
In this chapter, context of situation will be emphatically discussed. “We have constantly referred to the ‘environment’, ‘circumstances’ or ‘context’ in which language are used.” Gillian Brown and George Yule pointed out in their book Discourse Analysis in 1983, “If sentence grammarians wish to make claims about the ‘acceptability’ of a sentence in determining whether the strings produced by his grammar are correct sentences of language, he is implicitly appealing to contextual considerations.” This idea further proves the importance of context of situation. Translated text, which is also called discourse, has an affinitive relation with situational context. People can choose the most satisfactory words or sentences for a discourse only by completely understanding the specific context of situation. Here are two examples chosen from The Nightingale and the Rose by Oscar Wilde:
①And the Tree cried to the Nightingale to press closer against the thorn. “Press closer, little Nightingale.” Cried the Tree, “or the Day will come before the rose is finished.”(Oscar Wilde, 2015:129)
那树又催迫着夜莺往自己的胸口紧插那根刺。“靠近一些，小夜莺呀，”那树连声叫唤，“不然，玫瑰还没盛开，黎明就要来临了”。（林徽因，2015:9）
From the foregoing example, the reason why “Tree” and “Day” in this sentence are capitalized is for emphasizing. The reference item of “Tree” was “Oak-tree”, which had been mentioned in the preceding part of the passage; “Day” implied dawn when the nightingale might die if the roses not blossom. In this sentence, the word “finished” should be translated as “盛开”rather than“结束” by analyzing this specific context. While the word “finish” is not an end of a period but indicates the blossom of rose. However, these information can only be received after we have obtained the context of situation in this passage. Therefore, it is not surprising that some translators cannot express the real intention of the author if they only consider the target text literally.
②“I am afraid it will not go with my dress,” she answered; “and, besides, the Chamberlain’s nephew has sent me some real jewels, and everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers.”(Oscar Wilde, 2015:131)
她说：“我怕这花儿配不上我的衣服吧，而且大臣的侄子送我许多珠宝首饰，人人都知道珠宝比花草要贵重得多。”（林徽因，2015: 11）
In this contextual situation, “it” indicates roses, yet, “go” doesn’t mean “move”, “attend” or “reach”, which are meanings that easily come to our minds, but indicates “match” in this case. Grasping the developing process of the story, Lin Huiyin precisely translated “not go” into “配不上”, which was an excellent translation for vividly expressing the arrogance and insolence of the girl, who thinks the roses can never finely match her gorgeous dress. 
Generally speaking, the premise of correct and authentic translations are based on digesting the contextual situation of sources or target texts, which means, in other words, we should know exactly what happened and what will happen in the specific field. In a nutshell, in no event shall we consider the translations in isolation.
 
 
 
 
 

3. Chinese-featured Words and Their Semantic Changes

                                   
Context is one of the key words in this thesis, while the other is Chinese-featured words. It will be introduced with its definition and characteristics in the first part. It is believed that the translation of Chinese-featured words will be influenced by its semantic changes. Therefore, diverse reasons and patterns of it will be illustrated here.
 
3.1 Definition and Characteristics of Chinese-featured Words
Closely related to peoples’ daily life, language is constantly developing and is also the fastest-changed part in culture. The growth of economy, the prosperity of society, as well as the popularity of the internet contribute to the development of the Chinese language, therefore an increasing number of Chinese-featured words are created in recent years. Chen Dezhang (English Translation of Buzzwords and Sayings 4, 2016) once said, it seems that languages have functions of self-growth and self-regulation. People will create new words or borrow words from different dialects or even other languages, or give new meanings to old words.
Chinese-featured words reflect all things and phenomena peculiar to Chinese roots in national culture and history. They not only depict Chinese society, but also hold up a mirror to Chinese emotions, life style, and way of thinking. The most prominent characteristic of them is that they are spirit of the times. The following examples are some classic Chinese-featured words involved in politics, economy and culture.
“文化大革命 (Great Cultural Revolution)”, “改革开放(reform and opening up)”, “一国两制(one country, two systems)”, “中国梦(Chinese dream)”,  “一带一路(One Belt and One Road)” , “人民币特快（renminbi express)”, “萌萌哒 (acting cute)”, “自黑（self-blackening）”, “文房四宝 ( four treasures of the study i.e. writing brush, ink stick, ink slab and paper)”
 
3.2 Reasons of Semantic Changes
According to Collin’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary, the definition of “semantic” is “the branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and sentences.” Created for interactions and for convenience, languages are flexible and changeable through the times. Along with the development of society, new born things come forward in a large number; In the meantime, the existing wordage is not big enough to give a correspondent word or phrase to describe it. Therefore, new words are created. Some existing words are added with brand-new meanings; a certain number of loanwords are brought in. A few words gradually disappeared from peoples’ daily language as time goes on.
In this thesis, the author will mainly analyze those existing words given by new meanings. This phenomenon also called neologism. It is a term first attested in English in 1772, having a broader meaning that includes not only “an entirely new lexical item” but also an existing word whose meaning has been altered (Wikipedia). Some people may wonder why not to create more news words rather than to give new meanings to a word that we already knew. The idea from Selinker, Larry(1992) has perfectly answered this question. Selinker pointed out that in the aspect of representing notions in any language, whenever a new notion is produced, a different word will be found to correspond, then the number of words will be infinitely increased. It will be a burden for people to remember such a huge number of words and phrases. Or, as a more professional saying, it is not conform to economical principle.  
 Except for the external causes of society, history and foreign words that accelerate the semantic change, it is said that cognitive thinking of human being matters as well. In particular, as one of the internal causes, the metaphorical thinking plays a decisive role in cognitive thinking. (Shen Diao, 2009) Some methods of metaphorical thinking that impact semantic changes were mentioned in Shen Diao’s paper, one of which will be discussed here--choosing a familiar domain of experience to make connections with another unfamiliar domain of experience through metaphor. Synesthesia is one of the classic examples in this case. For instance, “Heavy(重的)” is one of the words related to weight. However, it is also used to describe other domains, the following sentences and phrases are chosen from the second edition of the English-Chinese Dictionary compiled by Lu Gusun.(2015)
① This book is heavy reading.
② I’ve had a heavy day.
③ a heavy schedule
④ heavy fruitcake
⑤ heavy matters of state
⑥ a heavy sky
In the first sentence, heavy means boring, which indicates the book is very dull and dry. While in the second one, heavy means extremely busy; in the third one, heavy schedule has the same meaning as tight schedule. Heavy fruitcake in the fourth example means fruitcake with much fat and sugar. “Heavy matters” in the fifth sentence is similar to big and important events. The last heavy is the synonym of dark and overcast.
 
3.3 Three Patterns of Semantic Changes
Semantic changes are divided into three categories by linguists (Wang Li, 1984), including extension of meaning, narrowing of meaning and transference of meaning. Thus, the semantic changes bring along the modification of translations correspondingly. Examples are from the internet, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, and the book Fanyi Bianwu2 (The Analysis of Errors in Translation) written by Chen Dezhang (2014).
 
3.3.1 Extension of Meaning
The meaning scope of semantic units becomes larger than before, in which the previous meaning is involved, for instance, “Cool” is an everyday word, which has the original meaning of “low in temperature, but not cold, often in a way that feels pleasant.”(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 536) However, with the trend of the times, the word “cool” has added many other meanings. For instance,
① “very attractive, fashionable, interesting etc. in a way that people admire”
② “calm and not nervous, upset, or excited”
③ “behaving in a way that is not as friendly as you expect”
 
3.3.2 Narrowing of Meaning
There is a second semantic change---narrowing of meaning. It is a process that the meaning scope of semantic units has reduced through the semantic changing, in other words, the proper scope of context in which you can use these words becomes narrower. In Old English, “wife” initially indicated both “woman”(women in general) and “wife” (the woman that a man is married to), while in modern English, it only remains the second meaning. The following examples are excerpted from strophe 690-697 of The Wife of Bath written by Geoffrey Chaucer.
 
“ ①From oother worldly occupacioun
②To redden on this book of wikked wyves.
③He knew of hem mo legendes and lyves
④Than been of goode wyves in the Bible.
⑤For trusteth wel, it is an impossible
⑥That any clerk wol speke good of wyves,
⑦But if it be of hooly seintes lyves,
⑧Ne of noon ooher womman never the mo.”
(Geoffrey Chaucer, 2007)
 
In this example, “wyves” is “wife” in modern English. In the second sentence, “wyves” is translated as “老婆”, while in sentence four and six, both of them were translated as “女人”, according to the Chinese version of Huang Gaoxin published by Shanghai Translation Publishing House (2013).
 
3.3.3 Transference of Meaning
Transference of meaning means that the usage of the words or phrases in a specific field transfer in another one. (Zhou Dajun, 2008) For example, the word “pompous” derived from “pompa” in Latin, which indicates the luxury of festival celebrations, but nowadays, it can be used for describing people: “someone who is pompous thinks that they are important, and shows this by being very formal and using long words”, which has the corresponding Chinese translations as“自命不凡的，自高自大的；虚夸的”.
To sum up, when doing a translation or interpreting, the translators and interpreters must deliberate what kind of wording the resources or texts are using and then determine its meaning in a specific context after completely understanding what the word signifies.
 

 
4. Different Translations of Chinese-featured Words in
the Changing Context
 
Chinese-featured words are special in translating because they contain lots of Chinese characteristics. Since the purpose of translating Chinese-featured words is for diffusing Chinese culture, which will closely bound up with China’s images, the appropriate translations are sorely needed. In consideration of the specialty of Chinese-featured words, the translation strategies are particular as well. Zhu Tianwen (2003) once analyzed and concluded some translation strategies that magazine Newsweek and Time used in reporting Chinese news. The strategies include Transliteration, Transliteration with Explanation, Complete Literal Translation and Literal Translation with Explanation. While in these two authoritative journals, Foreignizing Translation strategy is prefer to be used. In this thesis, one economic word, two political words and three cultural words will be discussed. These six words have already existed in daily language but are given new meaning nowadays with the transition of times.
 
4.1 Economic Word:  “引进来，走出去”
“引进来”is an everyday word, which means many things can be brought in from somewhere else. For instance, equipment is brought in from Europe, foreign technology is imported from America, a competitive mechanism is introduced from Germany or international investment is recruit from all around the world etc. “走出去”, a common verb phrase using in our daily life as well, has the basic meaning of “walk away”. However, these two phrases are more likely to be explained and translated as a strategy of “bring in” and “go global”, which is a basic state policy and an important measure of China’s active participation in the economic globalization. The report of the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China gave a further explanation, which is excerpted in the following paragraph:
 
“Expand opening up in scope and depth and improve our open   economy. Adhering to the basic state policy of opening up, we will better integrate our "bring in "and "go global" strategies, expand the areas of opening up, optimize its structure, raise its quality, and turn our open economy into one in which domestic development and opening to the outside world interact and Chinese businesses and their foreign counterparts engage in win-win cooperation, and one that features security and efficiency, in order to gain new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition amid economic globalization.”(2007)
 
Considering some political words with Chinese characteristic, most of the foreign readers, and even some Chinese, may not completely understand what “引进来，走出去” refers to. Therefore, translators should not only translate the literal meaning of the words or phrases, but give a brief explanation as well. If necessary, attaching some details at the end of the passage. Just as the above example shows, after putting forward the term “bring in” and “go global”, some explanations are given soon afterwards in order to help readers understand the term.
 
4.2 Political Words

4.2.1 “计划生育”
As one of the policies of China, “计划生育政策” has been implemented since 1980 for the purpose of balancing the growth of population and the development of economy and society. At that time, “计划生育” referred to “one-child policy”. While in October, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China Central Committee was held in Beijing. The session deliberated on and approved the Central Committees’ Proposal for Formulating the 13^th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, in which the “universal two-child policy” were proclaimed to be implemented form January 1st, 2016, which also signify the time for enforcing “one-child policy” with urban residence registration finally met the termination.
During these years, except for “one-child policy”, some other policies such as “two-child policy for couples where both the husband and wife are from single-child families” as well as “two-child policy for couples where either the husband or the wife is from a single-child family” were also carried out in November, 2011 and December, 2013 respectively. However, these two policies cannot solve the aging population problem in China, at this point, the “universal two-child policy” emerges as the times demand.
 
4.2.2 腐败
The original meaning of “腐败” is “the natural process of decaying, or the part of something that has decayed.” It derived from a sentence in one of the Chinese classic: “民无冻馁,食无腐败”(not one of the masses suffer from frigidity and starvation; not a scrape of food is wasted and rotted). Therefore, “rot” is an adjective relate to food, fruit, meat and so on.
But now, “腐败” is mostly used in the context of the official and political corruption. The definition according to Longman Dictionary was given as: “dishonest, illegal, or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power”. “反腐倡廉”(combat corruption and advocate honest or clean politics/ fight corruption and uphold integrity) has also become a buzzword in recent years according to the report released by the National Testing and Research Center of Language Resources in 2014. In political report, “反腐”(combat corruption) has always been emphasized. The following sentences are excerpted from the report of the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. “corruption” in these sentences collocates with different verbs, therefore, paying attention to corresponding Chinese translation is of great necessity.
1. “To combat and prevent corruption resolutely is a major political task of the whole Party.”
2. “…recognize the urgency as well as the protracted nature of the fight against corruption.”
3. “…a concerted effort to prevent and punish corruption.”
4. “They must always be honest and upright and take the initiative to crack down on all forms of corruption.”
Generally speaking, the translation of Chinese-featured words in political documents are never an easy work, it not only requires a sharp political vision, but also needs to possess the solid foundation of translation as well as the deep-seated political background knowledge.
 
4.3 Cultural Words

1.  
2.  

4.3.1 “八卦”
It is said that “八卦”(Eight Trigrams) was created by Fu Xi (the ancestry of Cathay Nationality) according to the Chinese folklore. It is one of the fundamental philosophical thinking in Chinese ancient culture. “八卦”, a set of signs with emblematic meaning, contains  “Yin”(expressed as “^___”) and “Yang” ( marked as “- -”), each of “卦”(trigram) on behalf of a specific object. The following explanation is quoted from The Chinese-English Dictionary edited by Lu Gusun “Eight Trigrams means arrangement of three unbroken and broken lines in eight groups, each symbolizing changing balance of forces as specified in Yijing, i.e. Qian, Kun, Kan, Li, Gen, Zhen, Xun, Dui”. Every one of them respectively represent “sky”, “land”, “wind”, “thunder”, “water”, “fire”, “mountain” and “swamp” (The fifth edition of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, 2010) The following picture of Eight Trigrams can make it easier to understand.

As time goes by, the context of situation in which this word can be used has enlarged and it has become a buzzword as well. Now,“八卦” is an informal name of “idle tittle-tattle” or “unfounded rumors and malicious gossip”(A New Century Chinese-English Dictionary, Hui Yu, 2014). It especially can be seen in entertainment news, which refers to one’s privacy, such as “娱乐八卦”(entertainment gossip) ,“八卦新闻”(a tabloid story), “名人八卦”(celebrity gossip) .Therefore, “八卦” is usually translated as “gossip” in this situational context. Look at this example excerpted from Language tips, “电影放映过程中，这些人一直在说话，要不是讨论剧情，要不干脆就是闲聊八卦(They talk a lot during the movie time, either about the movie plot or just gossip).”
 
4.3.2 “光盘行动”
As a storage carrier, we are all familiar with “光盘”, it also have several fixed translations, such as “CD”, “compact disk” or “optical disk”. Whereas the new meaning of this word is quite interesting and was chosen as Top 10 buzz words released by Yao Wen Jiao Zi  journal in 2013. It was popular because of “光盘行动”, (clear your plate campaign), which was initiated by “IN_33” team, including three group members from financial, advertising and insurance industries. The campaign, using“光盘(clear your plate)” as their code, launched on Weibo as the goal of reducing wastage of food no matter eat outside or make it at home, was not only respond to the call from many citizens but also receive approval form government. “今天你光盘了吗(Did you clear your plate today?)?” was once a very fashionable and popular greeting between Chinese. When translate the word “光盘” in a sentence, translators should make sure what it really means---either a“CD” or “Clear Your Plate” Campaign.
 
4.3.3“黑五类”
 “黑五类”, belonged to and mostly used as political wording during the Great Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, which indicates the offspring of landlords, counter- revolutionaries, rich farmers, rightists and criminals, is no longer use in our daily life with political meaning. As time goes by, “黑五类” has been widely used in diverse contexts since extending to many other fields, such as food, law, advertising and Chemistry. Therefore, when translate this Chinese-featured words, it is used to being translated with Transliteration with Explanation strategy. For example, “…in those days it was glorious to strive against the Heiwulei (five black categories, namely landlords, counter-revolutionaries, rich farmers, rightists and criminals)” (China Daily, June 21, 2004, quoted in Yang Hongmei, 2009). This is one of the examples about the Great Cultural Revolution. Yet, the following four kinds of “黑五类” are more likely to be mentioned in daily life.
① As wording of food, “Heiwulei” indicates five kinds of healthy food, or rather, black fungus, black-seeded sesame, black soya bean, brown rice and dateplum persimmon.
② In the field of law, “Heiwulei” means the criminal offenders who was charged of smuggle, bribery and corruption, drug crime or those tools part in criminal group or terrorist organization.
③ In advertising, “Heiwulei” represents five kinds of products selling in teleshopping, including Medicine, medical apparatus and instruments and three other products that can help augment the breast, lose weight and increase in height.
④In the field of Chemistry, “Heiwulei” includes copperoxide(CuO), charcoal(C), ferrum(Fe), manganese dioxide(MnO2) and ferroferric oxide(Fe3O4).  
In a word, transliteration with explanation translation strategy, such as Chinese Pinyin should be given at first and then provide explanations in the bracket when translate some Chinese-featured words like “黑五类”.
The cultural Chinese-featured words are frequently used in our everyday life. Thus, a lot of new words or existing words with new meaning spring up like mushrooms. Except for the above six examples, many other Chinese-featured words have enlarged their meaning, for instance, “潜水” means not only “to swim under water using special equipment to help you breathe” but also “browse other people’s micro blogs or join in a group-chat without commenting”. Besides, “套路”, as a Top 10 network buzzword in 2016, is a humorous and euphemistic saying as “game”, “tricks” or “trap”. The following two examples are excerpted from China Daily on December, 22nd , “多一点真诚，少一点套路”(show more sincerity, play less tricks); “我走过最远的路，就是你的套路”(The longest road I’ve taken, is the tricky way you set me up). However, it initially refers to one of the martial forms ,which is“武术套路”.
In a word, in consideration of the specialty of Chinese-featured words, the above examples given in this thesis are also adopted with different translation strategies as mentioned at the beginning of Chapter 4. In fact, the theory of translation is only for demonstrating a direction, while the strategies are always within translators’ or interpreters’ heart, what’s more, what kind of translation strategies will be adopted while translating or interpreting depends on what context the text or sources are in.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

4. Conclusion

 
Chinese-featured words are becoming more popular now with the development of society, economy and the Internet, however, the translations on them are never easy. In this thesis, the author only researches those existing words with new meaning by giving some classic examples. The aim of this thesis is not for introducing the translation strategies, not to research the semantic changing progress, or to find out the reason why Chinese-featured words change over time, but to appear to more people to pay close attention to this phenomenon. Few books and journals analysis in this way. They either discuss about the buzzword translation or only talk about the translation strategies for Chinese-featured words. Yet, in this thesis, the author concentrates on comparing the old and new meaning of some Chinese-featured words in the changing context and analyzing their corresponding translations, which contributes to the future studies on Chinese-featured words in the perspective of dynamic context of situation.
It is a challenge for the author because this thesis refers to not only the translation studies, but also literature and linguistics. Secondly, the examples given in this thesis are inadequate; the analyses on them are not deep enough and the evaluations are not professional. Thirdly, some translations may be not authentic since a few of them cannot be found on the internet or relevant books. Finally, few previous researches can be used for reference because this is a new study, which makes this analysis a harder work. Yet, this thesis is an attempt to encourage some translators or scholars to collect neology words together and publish them as books or journals in the future, which would be a huge blessing for many Chinese and some foreign readers. As is known to all, an increasing number of foreigners are eager to know more about China and Chinese people in recent years. Chinese-featured words, as one of the best ways to spread Chinese culture, has a bright future. Therefore, doing research on them is a work of necessity and urgency. All and all, the translators and interpreters not only are expected to possess a solid foundation on both Chinese and English, but also need to completely understand the context of the situation of the sources or texts.
 

 



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Acknowledgments
 

I would like to offer my sincere thank you to all those who help me during the pre-writing and writing process within several months.
Grateful thanks should be expressed to my dearest supervisor, Ms. Lei Pingli, whose remarks greatly inspired me since I was lucky enough to be her student in my sophomore year. During the preparatory phase, her professional instructions, practical recommendations and passionate explanations enlightened me to do a research on Chinese-featured words in a brand new perspective, which is a challenge but also an opportunity for me. During the process of writing this thesis, her fairly proficiency in English and infinite patience toward my questions upheld me to the completion of my thesis. What’s more, her tremendous effort on reading, revising and polishing my thesis make it finally came into being. I cannot be obliged enough for what she have done for me.
Warm thanks should be extended to all my teachers who taught me in these four years, without your excellent classes and useful knowledge, I cannot complete this thesis either. As for me, all of your comforting and encouraging and well-chosen words influenced, are influencing and will continue influence me. I do deeply and truly appreciate your teaching with single-minded devotion.
Heartfelt thanks should be given to my beloved parents, who support me, care for me and love me since I was born. To be honest, no words in the world can express my everlasting love to them.
Additional thanks should go to all my friends, especially Ke Hongming, Chen Chunyan, Chen Sihui and Xue Qiuping, for whom encouraged and helped me when I encounter problems during the writing process; while the most special thanks should belong to three of my American friends, Reginal Khasi Paige, Thomas Blount and Dazmon Tanner, for helping me search for some useful bibliography from James B. Duke Memorial Library of Johnson C. Smith University.