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解读劳伦斯《儿子与情人》中的自然观

时间:2022-06-04 来源:未知 编辑:梦想论文 阅读:
ABSTRACT
 
David Herbert Lawrence is regarded as one of the prominent modernistic writers and an innovator in the realm of literature in the 20th century. Many of his works show his keen perception and sympathy with natural world, and his profound and shrewed insight into human beings. Sons and Lovers is his first masterpiece. Lots of scholars have explored its connection with Freudian theory, but few have noticed its theme of nature. As a matter of fact, nature and humanity are the themes that run through this novel all the time.
Lawrence’s views of nature are very important in the new century. Through exploring lawrence’s views of nature, we further realize that there exists a close connection between human and nature, and the damage brought to nature will inevitably bring damage to humanity; only when humans keep a harmonious relationship with nature, can they get vitality and keep complete humanity. Lawrence’s ideas can help us know more about nature, protect nature, strengthen our environmental consciousness and promote ecological protection movement.
    This paper focuses on Lawrence’s view of nature in his novel Sons and Lovers. It consists of three parts. The first part introduces the author and his fairy tale. The second part presents the forming factors of Lawrence’s early view of nature. The third part mainly analyzes the view of nature in the novel.
 
KEY WORDS: view of nature; natural humanity; ecology; Sons and Lovers
 

摘  要
 
    戴维赫伯特劳伦斯是杰出的现代主义作家,是二十世纪在文学领域的创新者。他的许多作品都体现出他对自然界的感知和强烈的共鸣,以及对人类深刻而敏锐的体察。《儿子与情人》是劳伦斯的成名作,许多学者研究了其与弗洛伊德主义的关系,较少注意到其包含的自然主题。事实上,自然与人性是此小说始终贯穿着的主题。
劳伦斯的自然观在新世纪具有非常重要的意义。通过探讨劳伦斯的自然观,我们发现人类与自然有着紧密的联系,对自然的破坏不可避免地会带来对人性的破坏。人类只有与自然界保持和谐的关系,才能获得活力和保持完整。劳伦斯的自然观有助于帮助我们更多地了解自然,保护自然,增强环境保护意识,促进生态环境保护。
    本文主要解读劳伦斯的著名小说《儿子与情人》中的自然观。全文一共分为三部分:第一部分介绍作者和作品;第二部分主要介绍劳伦斯早期自然观形成的因素;第三部分分析《儿子与情人》中自然观的具体体现。
 
关键词:自然观,自然人性,生态,《儿子与情人》
 
 
 
 
 
OUTLINE
 
Introduction
    Laurence loves nature, and nature is an important feature of Laurence’s philosophy and his novels. Through the discussion of the concept of nature in Laurence’s novels, we can gain insight into his consciousness, and have a more profound and comprehensive understanding of his thoughts. His opinion warns us that we must pay attention to the natural world, keep in harmony with nature, and maintain the health of the human nature. The research on Laurence’s view of nature in Sons and Lovers has a profound and realistic significance .
I. An introduction to Lawrence and Sons and Lovers
  1.1 Lawrence
  1.2 Sons and Lovers
II. The forming factors of Lawrence’s early view of nature
  2.1 The early life experience
  2.2 The historical background
  2.3 The cultural origin 
III. An analysis of the views of nature in Sons and Lovers
  3.1 The significance of harmony between human and nature
  3.2 The driving force of life--nature
  3.3 The advocates of natural humanity
Conclusion
    As a great writer, Laurence is also seen as an ecological critics. The novel Sons and Lovers embodies Laurence’s view of ecological criticism everywhere, while castigating the destruction of human nature and the natural environment from the industrial society. It is necessary for us to conduct a deeper research on the controversial writer’s ecological view of nature and have a deep thought about his view of nature, for the purpose to arouse people’s attention to ecological environment and concern of human nature, and provide a theoretical support for the development of human.

Introduction

    Laurence is one of the greatest writers of Britain in twentieth century. As one of Laurence’s classic, Sons and Lovers has attracted many domestic and foreign experts and scholars for many years, but a few of them research the novel from the perspective of ecocriticism. From this point of view, we reread the works which has a very strong practical significance.The novel reflects Laurence’s hardship consciousness of human natural and spiritual ecological imbalance, there he knows what one is about the ecological thoughts of philosophy.The British writer Laurence caused a strong vibration in the first half of the twentieth century. One of the reasons is that combining social criticism and psychological exploration, he written the tragedy that the British capitalist industrial civilization destroyed the natural and human. The novel Sons and Lovers is a true portrayal of his natural concern.
The writing background of the novel was before the first World War, and Britain was in the heyday of Victoria. The British colonial continued to expand overseas, with the rapid development of the domestic productivity, and relations of production changes dramatically. The capitalist industrial civilization had highly developed, and created more material wealth for human beings. But, as a capitalist industrial civilization is a double-edged sword, it brought people the satisfaction with materials, at the same time, also had a great negative impact on our nature.
The paper focuses more on the novel’s practical significance and mainly research the view of nature in Sons and Lovers. I hope that we can know more about nature, build the sense of environment protection, strengthen our environmental consciousness and promote ecological protection movement. Laurence showed a severe impact on the people’s natural ecology and spiritual ecology from the invasion of capitalism civilization in the novel Sons and Lovers, to call attention to the natural ecology and spiritual ecology.

I. An introduction to Lawrence and Sons and Lovers

David Herbert Lawrence (1885-1930) is a distinguished novelist, short storywriter, poet, philosophical essayist, critic and travel writer in the 20th century English literature and he is regarded as one of the most prolific, influential and wide-ranging modern writers. Forster considers Lawrence as the greatest imaginative novelist of his generation. No novelists writing since the First World War can have been entirely uninfluenced by Lawrence. This paper tries to analyze lawrence’s view of nature in his novel Sons and Lovers.

1.1 Lawrence

Lawrence was born on September 11th, 1885, in the Midlands coal-mining village of Nottinghamshire, England. He is the fourth children in his family. His father is a coal miner and his mother is a schoolteacher who comes from a pious middle-class family and often encourages Lawrence to study hard, so that he can enter a higher social calss. Lawrence who is inspired by his mother, becomes interested in arts, thus he alienates his father further.
In those days, Eastwood is ruled by the noise and grime of the pits, therefore later Lawrence writes that industrialization having so rudely imposed upon the England of the forest and agriculture past. Since his boyhood, Lawrence is always a very sensitive person and the living environment in his hometown has great impact upon him all his born days. And from Lawrenc’s living surrounding of his childhood we can easily discover the trace of destroyed natural landscape under the influence of industrial revolution.
After graduation from Nottingham High School in 1901, Lawrence works as a clerk in a surgical appliance factory in Nottingham. During this time, he is getting to know Jessie Chamber and begins his close relationship with the “spiritual” Jessie over the next ten years. During this process, he gets further stimulus to develop his fondness for the beauties of nature, for reading and for ideas from her sympathetic family, which are all of great help for his creation of literary works in the future. Young Lawrence has gradually got a clean awareness of all kinds of things in the natural world, such as flowers, tress, animals, moon, even light and darkness. Eventually, with Jessie’s encouragement, Lawrence starts to write stories and verse.
In 1912, Lawrence met and fell in love with Frieda weekly; by the end of 1914, they had got married and began their wandering life around several continents, Europe, America, and Australia, in the final two decades of his life. There Lawrence writes poems, stories, travel sketches and his final revision of his autobiographical novel; these writings, particularly the metamorphosis of Paul Morel into Sons and Lovers, mark the true beginning of Lawrence’s artistic maturity. However, the advent of World War coincides with what in many ways is the most crucial period of his development as a writer. They are hounded and persecuted as supposed spies for the Germans and expelled from Cornwall in 1917 by British government; so continuous wanderings dominate the last decade of his life. At the age of fifty-four, Lawrence died in Vence, France, on March 2nd, 1930.
    As a productive writer, Lawrence creates lots of works in his lifetime, which are seemed to be the turning point of the fiction in the twentieth century, because he tries to forge a new kind of writing after the end of the Victorian era and has actually brought new vitality into the novel by saving it from dry intellectualism. Throughout his whole literary career, Lawrence’s literary output includes poems, stories, novelettes, novels, plays, literary criticism, essays, travels books and many letters to his friends. His abundant achievements in so many zones of the literary realm evidently testify to his genius, however his reputation mainly rests on his novels, which basically comprise The White Peacock (1911), The Trespasser (1912), Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920) and Lady Chatterley’s Lover (1928). And of all his remarkable novels, the semi-autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers, which vividly depicts the beautiful rural landscapes and the suffering life of common people working in the coal mines of industrial British Midland, is generally considered as his first great novel and has always been his most popular book.

1.2 Sons and Lovers

    Laurence finished his third novel Sons and Lovers in 1913, and this is an autobiographical work. Once came in the literary world, it has aroused strong repercussions, and caused him to spring into fame, which established his position in the history of English Literature.
As a much controversial novel, Sons and Lovers has attracted comparative attention from critics since its publication, which has been researched from a large number of aspects. Reviewers in the main hold the opinion that this novel is autobiography since it evidently bears the trace of Lawrence’s own hometown rural landscapes, emotional experiences and domestic life. They argue that Lawrence obtains the first-hand materials from his own life which are apparently woven into the novel, Sons and Lovers. Bestwood in the novel is depicted according to his hometown Eastwood and the major characters also have their own real antetypes in Lawrence’s life, such as Mrs. Morel is depicted according to his mother and Miriam is a faithful portrait of Jessie Chamber, his platonic girlfriend.
    Simultaneously, the commentators also detect another important angle: how the major character Paul is figured by depiction of his birth through his childhood until adulthood, in addition blending a mass of autobiographical factors into the fiction. From this point, Sons and Lovers is considered as an initiation novel or Bildungsroman, which explores the major figure Paul’s growth process.
 Comparing with the theme of Paul’s individual growth experience, a large number of reviewers, such as Spilka and Schorer, pay more attention to the extremely distorted relationship between Paul and his mother, so Sons and Lovers is certainly treated as an intensely Oedipal novel. It provides an excellent literary example for the Freudian classic theory, Oedipal Complex, for the first time in the history of English novel
As a fairly authoritative critic of Lawrence and his productions, Graham Hough indicates that “the whole situation presents the Freudian Oedipal imbroglio in almost classic completeness”.  He treats Sons and Lovers as a psychological novel, the importance of which lies not only in its general psychological insights but also, specifically, in its Freudianism. Hough boldly claims that this work is indeed the first Freudian novel in English. families, which is a tragedy caused by the industrial system.

II. The forming factors of Lawrence’s early view of nature

    Laurence is a great writer of genius. He loves nature, life, and humanity. He opposes the interference and destruction of the modern industrial civilization to inherent human civilization. He experienced all kinds of hardships, the bull by the horns, and refused to be cowed or submit, in search of his ideal social life environment. He even tried to establish his own ideal manor, although failed but his effort is admirable excellence. He is wild and intractable. His penetrating writting style demonstrated his extraordinary personality .

2.1 The early life experience

    D.H Lawrence’s early life experience in the Eastwood mine plays an important role in the formation of his thought and art .
Laurence was born in central England mining area Eastwood notting Han village in 1885 September 11th. Laurence’s father was a miner Laurence Arthur.. In nineteenth Century seventy’s mining boom brought Laurence home to Nottinghamshire. Laurence is the fourth child at home, when he was born, the family had moved to Eastwood. Laurence’s mother, Lydia, was educated , and she is a smart and ambitious woman. she were disappointed at her husband's hopeless work and bad drinking habits, and encouraged her children to rise head and shoulders above others. Laurence is always ill in his childhood ,and spent a lot of time in bed. His parents often quarrel, and Laurence is very close to this mother, always stand on the side of the mother. Although life is very poor, the mother of Laurence is determined to bring children into the person who is not the same as their father. Therefore, in her all life, she was in the struggle to let the children out of the working class, to encourage them to receive education. Laurence is a natural nature-lover. His love to the beauty of the natural world is from his parents. His mother had a lovely garden, and the garden is always full of flowers. Mother always taught him to enjoy the natural scenery, which had profound influence on him. Therefore, that he is extremely sensitive to landscapes and flowers is not surprising. His father had a vegetable garden, Laurence used to take care of it for his father. Arthur. Laurence was familiar with the wild animal and plant, and knew all kinds of animal and bird’s name. Young Laurence learned all kinds of knowledge about plants, flowers and birds from his father. It was his father who made Laurence closer to nature, and had a deeper understanding and love of the natural world.
Few readers will note that, in the English in Sons and Lovers family name “Morrill” can refer to two species: mushrooms and Solanum nigrum. In Laurence’s novels, the symbolic significance of plants has attracted many scholars comment, and many scholars examines the specific meaning of the image of the plants and flowers. But until now, few people pointed out the natural link that between Morel family and the two plants. M.sGillespie argues that Laurence’s use of the name is not a coincidence. In Sons and Lovers, mushrooms and berries appeared. Although we can not regard them as “Morel”, but Laurence has a naturalistic background which can prove that he knew about the “Morel” and deliberately maked the connection.
Another important place where lawrence lived in the early time is Hagers farm which is substituded by Wiley farm in Sons and Lovers. In 1901 the early summer, Laurence and her mother together made the first visit of Heracles farm, and was immediately attracted by the beauty of it. In Laurence’s heart and dream, Hagers is the ideal garden. After the first visit, Laurence became a regular of the Hagers farm. He and Chambers boys become good friends, then he and Jesse. Chambers falls in love. Gamini Salgado pointed out that it is not Jesse who attracted him to Hagers, but the farm’s fresh and wider world and a variety of activities attracted him. Hagers’s influence on Laurence’s early life is great which is need not be exaggerated. In his life, he had regarded it as a paradise.

2.2 The historical background

    No words can be created out of thin air, because every writer is a product of the times, under the influence of social economy and culture. The influence is expressed differently in their works. Social and economic status determines and influences Laurence’s world view and values, like other writers were determined and influenced. Therefore, to better understand Laurence’s natural view, we must put him with the era of the history of England together.
    Since the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, the political economic and cultural change happened in great britain. At the turn of the twentieth century, the British economy had a greater downturn. The soaring prices and wages fall were in great contrast, which caused a massive strike and domestic disturbance. The British labour movement reached a new climax between 1911 and 1914. The three strikes of railway workers, miners and London transport workers maded the industry almost paralyzed. The industrial revolution continues to show great power and influence. Laurence was born in 1885 in the mining area, at that time England is under the threat of a strong agricultural decline and gradually industrial unrest. Class hatred is growing, the living conditions of people in big city slum are very bad, and the famous British countryside was with a scar for the adverse effects of industrial civilization. Agriculture in England gradually made way to the industrial revolution in the nineteenth Century. Laurence’s father Arthur worked in Brinsley coal mine, which improved the level of the Laurence family life. Since the big bore hole appeared in Laurence’s hometown, many trees of the forest in Sherwood was cut down, and the village was extended to irregular coal company towns. Ross C. Murfin pointed out that the town in which  Laurence grew, had great effect on Sons and Lovers.
The development of industrialization brought damage to the natural environment, Laurence’s love for nature was overwhelmed. He witnessed the destruction and thinking. With disappointment and dissatisfaction, Laurence would not like to accept the fact that he could only see Robinhood and his friends in the fantasy. His body and consciousness are urging him to fight with this destructive forces, to fight for a harmony between man and nature, and a more healthy, beautiful natural world.

2.3 The cultural origin 

Laurence has read widely. Before starting work Sons and Lovers, he had read a lot of books. He and Jesse often borrow books from the library, and often talk about books. In Laurence’s favorite literary figures, Thomas. Hardy, George. Eliot and William. Wordsworth, these three writers had the greatest impact on his view of nature.
Hardy and Eliot are the British writers who are loved and disgussed by Laurence and Jesse usually. In Sons and Lovers, Miriam (with Jesse as the prototype) always fancied herself as the characters in Eliot’s novels. Laurence analyzed the works of Eliot, and is very interested in their structure. When he began his first novel the white peacock, he decided to use Eliot’s way, “starting with two for men and women”. His subsequent novel Woman in Love also has the same structure. Although Laurence enjoyed the world described in the works of Eliot, but Laurence is aware that it is Hardy rather than Eliot's theme and views to guide the road in front of him.
Laurence wrote the longest critical works “Hardy research”. Laurence’s commentary on Hardy implicitly recognized him to the Hardy model. This reference is large, especially in Laurence’s early novels. In Laurence’s first novel the White Peacock and third novel Sons and Lovers, he has been looking for his own voice and style: if he finally abandoned Hardy and invented a new kind of novel, the foundation of his starting point is from Hardy. In “Hardy research”, Laurence, from the beginning to the end, pays his attention to the scenery, or more specifically, to the mode of linking the figure and landscape. For Laurence, the relationship between the background and the characters and nature and sex is the key of his novels. In the early works of Laurence, Laurence tried to imitate Hardy in literature. The arrangement of the characters in Sons and Lovers may be taken from Hardy’s novels.
The famous romantic poet, William Wordsworth, also has a great influence on Laurence. Wordsworth made great contribution in the natural description. He is good at describing the mountains, rivers, flowers and birds. As a great nature poet, his love of nature is through the short lyric poems, such as “to the cuckoo”, “daffodils”, “Hu Xiang sun”, etc..For Wordsworth, the human mind and nature are unified, no split, there is no opposition. Rural life is the ideal life, because human is a part of nature in this life, and people can have a close communication with nature. Wordsworth express children's deep understanding and intimacy to nature in the “eternal life”. Laurence inherited Wordsworth’s monism of man and nature view. They all expressed their love of nature, advocating returning to nature. However, they look at the nature in different ways. Wordsworth got the thoughts and feelings from nature. On the contrary, Laurence received worship of the flesh from nature.

III. An analysis of the views of nature in Sons and Lovers

    English literature always has the tradition of cherishing nature, and nature has been as an important object into the writer’s view. Laurence inherited the previous concern and love for nature, and many of his works are wonderful description of nature, twinkling everywhere on the deep love for nature, and thinking and insight of nature. The content of Laurence’s view of nature is reflected in the works in three aspects: nature has the mysterious power to awaken people’s body; the exchange between human and natural energy reinjected vigor and vitality for human; one is the evolution of natural selection results, that the man is the child of nature. Laurence believes that human life is closely linked with nature. Through communion with nature, human can get vitality from the nature and restore vitality.

3.1 The significance of harmony between human and nature

    As Paul in Sons and Lovers, the environment in which Laurence grew up is the era of industrialization in England. Rapid industrialization and mechanical civilization quickly eroded ancient agricultural way of life. This change is not good. Laurence hated the negative effects of industrial civilization, it did not only destruct the landscape, also destroyed their own. In Laurence’s view, the bourgeois industrial revolution at the expense of the cost of land, which made the human being start to leave nature.
On the first page of Sons and Lovers, Laurence compared the rural residential hell, and industrial dusty Valley street. I was founded, there is only “a few small coal mines, miners and the donkey together into a help, like ants digging holes, pile up a queer-looking mounds in crop and grass, leaving tiny patches of black ground”. At that time, there is only a small scale mining, retaining the ancient agricultural way of life. The relationship between man and nature is close and harmonious : people work like ants, and live in the hut of the river side . A river flowing undder the wood, there is almost no pollution by small coal mines. With the establishment of the company and the completion of the railway, river, mountain, forest, or even the monastery was disrupted and cut by rail and mine. Coal mine is like black nail on the earth deeply. In the industrial Eastwood, nature is attached to the world which is hollowed out. Once the farmland which is important to the area, now or is hollowed out, or has been used as railway roadbed. In the absence of mining, a factory was built to relocate the influx of miners and their families. Laurence think that coal company built the Quartet compound for their workers in the hillside of Best Wood built, which is a violation of the local landscape. He severely criticized the house set. The miners move from the hut into workers home where  the kitchen is to the disgusting trash pit. Laurence’s description of the rubbish pit life scene is no less than the picture of wildness of the modern society.

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