Sports culture, Physical culture, international sports Terminology Committee will define it as a part of culture (field), refers to the comprehensive use of various physical and mental exercises to improve the biological potential of human concepts, rules, systems and facilities. Sports culture involves the relationship between physical exercise and social aspects. The rapid development of the foreign fitness programs in China has benefited from the globalization context, which is also an important manifestation of the pluralistic demand of the open society.
Yoga, for the Chinese people, is a familiar and unfamiliar vocabulary. Although early in the period before yoga by our neighbors in South Asia - the ancient India to China, and India and Chinese "is similar to the" spiritual enlightenment in the way; but China yoga has been accepted by the public, in 1985 as a fitness program with "Yoga" in CCTV's broadcast, really into a thousand million home. Over the past thirty years, numerous yoga Museum opened up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain as [1], various forms of yoga training held in the city community, large and small gym and activity centers, universities and even opened a yoga class, newspapers and magazines, television networks and other media is more important role for the spread of yoga. Different from the early yoga with Buddhism as the carrier, by the way of the monks in India, modern yoga to fitness as a carrier, through the western world wave into china. As a carrier of sports culture, the change of Yoga reflects a characteristic of modern multicultural, is also an important research topic and foreign culture fusion and national traditional sports to the world today China pop culture.
1 Chinese and foreign culture and integration of Yoga
The nature of yoga, the conditions and routes of communication and the needs of China's foreign sports culture, which constitute the reality of the spread of foreign sports culture in china.
1.1 both in line with the needs of the times, and can be recognized by traditional culture, yoga is not a coincidence that China
In the early 80s, the country has just opened, multicultural context has become a major trend of cultural development, people have been depressed for a long time the spirit and body of foreign sports culture has a strong desire to pursue [2].
"Yoga" is to take advantage of this heatwave into view Chinese people. The popularity of Yoga Benefits from the development of global economy. With the improvement of living standards and the increase of leisure time, people's health concept and aesthetic consciousness are gradually increasing, and the public has more energy to engage in sports. In line with the modern aesthetic pursuit of yoga has become a new form of fitness, for the pursuit of health, to catch up with the fashion of emerging human beings to provide a new way. Yoga, first in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other large and medium-sized cities spread.
India and China have similar regional cultural characteristics, and the similarities of the traditional sports culture between China and India are easy to produce cultural identity. Health plays a very important role in Chinese sports culture, yoga fitness, Yangxin function is fit Chinese demand for physical and mental health. It is the characteristics of this kind of bearing, which can meet the needs of the times and can be recognized by traditional culture.
1.2 improved Yoga itself has a "practical, inclusive" and other characteristics, is popular in the fundamental yoga
1 2.1 inclusive and continuous change is a prerequisite for the popularity of Yoga
Yoga is produced in India, the current popular yoga is not the traditional sense of classical yoga, is a western concept of transformation, dissemination of western culture, is the product of classical yoga and fitness with the combination of western philosophy, is a mixture of cultures intertwined over. Modern yoga is just with the background of India, still retains some characteristics of traditional oriental sports culture, such as clothing, music and breathing and meditation; but most has got rid of the origin at the beginning of the religious characteristics, into western content absorbed after "Pilates", ballet practice become old and young the fitness project [3]. inclusive of the eastern and Western culture Yoga more close to life, improved by yoga, fitness project, integration of financing of eastern and western sports culture, making it easier to be public acceptance, which is the premise of popular yoga.
1 2.2 entry easy, light, quiet, slow movement is the basis for the popularity of Yoga
Unlike in 80s in our country began popular aerobics, as well as later popular hip-hop, extreme sports, these exercises on the physical fitness, coordination, rhythm has a higher demand. As fitness yoga, exercise load is relatively small, especially for beginners to practice the rhythm, coordination, physical demand is not high, more likely to be accepted, to practice more security; secondly, the practice of dark, quiet environment, even with the music accompaniment, also for soothing light music, people tired of urban light pollution and noise for, is undoubtedly a rare quiet place; and play music when practicing yoga as a general background, does not need to practice in strict accordance with the beat and rhythm action, action does not change quickly, action unit time less number of single action can also practice that pressure is not on the practitioners, some do not have a strong sense of rhythm, music, movement based weak people can easily keep up with the action, for practitioners of musicality and rhythm requirements Yoga is widely accepted by the general public, an important reason for the rapid popularization; in addition, the practice of yoga on the environment requirements are not high, 1 to 2 square meters, there is a better yoga mat. Low threshold is a basic condition for easy access to yoga [4].
1 2.3 significant physical shaping pressure and release a total of physical and mental health effects of yoga is the catalyst popular
Health is the eternal pursuit of people, yoga on the physical quality, especially the quality of flexibility and enhance the strength of the core position. Through yoga stretching, control and a series of poses, with the regulation of respiration can increase the body's flexibility, improve body shape, improve the sense of balance, correct bad posture, but also can enhance self-confidence, improve immunity, prevent disease, and to improve the quality of life. As yoga masters like Aiyang, many practitioners are obtained through the practice of Yoga health and continue to practice and become a promotion, through yoga the body to obtain the maximum harmony and sympathy.
The same as other fitness, exercise can transfer the brain lesions, improve circulation, relieve fatigue, relieve pressure, and, in the process of practicing yoga not only stretch the muscles, as well as the style with respiration, make people feel very relaxed after exercise. It is the practical effects of yoga that make modern yoga popular among Chinese people.
At the same time, another social place Yoga provides different from daily work environment, contact with the daily work of different people, but also in sports have the common people [5]. on the one hand, this site provides contact number for people to expand the social range, increase the different contact surface. Secondly, because the surrounding are unrelated people, and are not in their own occupation area, no leadership, colleagues, who want to escape the crowd, is a wonderful place to mask or take off work of the people. Meeting people's social needs is also an important factor in the popularity of yoga.
1.3 from the east to the West and then to the world of communication path and the modern market operation mechanism, is the driving force of Yoga
Yoga originated in India 5000 years ago, but again in Europe, the rise of the past 100 years, the development of highly commercialized in the United states. The integration of yoga and Western culture is not only the infiltration of western culture, but also western culture. Through the improvement of yoga, from the "national" to "the world", with the "body based" western sports culture, the concept of the body, but also with the commercialization of cultural products.
Modern western culture is a strong culture, yoga with the modern strong Western culture spread to the world, and its spread represents the spread of modern culture. Marketing, star participation, celebrity, gorgeous packaging, and use modern means of communication (television, network, CD-ROM disc sales), [6], commercial operation not only provides a platform for the rapid popularization of yoga, is also a powerful driving force.
2 "Chinese style" brand of yoga and its localization development
Chinese culture is not the passive absorption of foreign sports culture, based on personal identity in yoga beneficial effect on the Chinese culture active will be transformed, and Chinese cultural fusion, showing a distinctive "Chinese" yoga.
2.1 people practicing yoga in China are mostly women, especially young women, "Chinese" Yoga show feminine characteristics
Yoga in India was a man of the world, many types are based on men's physical and physical design. But in China, the practice of yoga in the crowd are mostly women. A survey shows that China's participation in the practice of Yoga women accounted for more than 80% of the population, so many people misunderstand Yoga for women only practice. On the one hand, relative to men, women do better flexibility; on the other hand, women's participation in social justice, yoga is open, women's economic and social status to improve performance, but also pay more attention to women's physical beauty and health. Zhang Huilan, along with the waves in the wind, graceful action has been the common people of yoga, the first impression of the deepest.
2.2 practice process in indoor collective practice, for the contemporary yoga on popularization of imprinting
In the "golden land" frog Upanisads mysticism "mentioned in the yoga is mentoring sit together and there are also many secrets to teach, practice outside one different practice. With the traditional yoga practice is different in our country, in general by a yoga instructor led dozens of people to practice teaching form, this is the general public fitness course.
One of the reasons is the outstanding yoga teaching talents are rare, the course fees higher than other types of aerobics course group; second, this site is not in the outdoor environment, in high-grade office building or the gym, some even imitate India heat humid environment of [7], the use of modern means in the indoor heat created yoga, hot yoga. China and India have different climatic conditions: India is in a tropical monsoon climate, year-round high temperatures, while the latitude of our country is generally higher than India, different geography also determines the different training environment.
2.3 yoga philosophy to explain less, the fitness function to explain more, "Chinese style" Yoga technical features bright
In the process of practicing, coach or mentor, to explain the methods and effects of yoga poses, yoga emphasizes the skill level, the training methods and skills. The Yoga pranayama involves less or not at all involved. A lot of yoga teaching staff that explain the heart, soul and spirit of yoga for beginners who is too abstruse difficult to understand, or even speak only according to teaching practice for the movement of the body, body, and spirit of the intrinsic influence by careful practice through long time practice slowly to understand. In fact, yoga asana is only one of the eight stages of Yoga (or branch), is also one of the initial stages of yoga, yoga is far more than this.
Then to the relevant information of yoga, for example, the domestic shopping website can easily retrieve more than 2000 kinds of books about the video of the video, including yoga video data and books accounted for half. Although nearly 80% of these books are full of illustrations, confined to the style of the demonstration, it is bound to be superficial, there is no value of the University, but very popular. Is it that we are most in need of the health of the body, or only concerned about the harmony of the body, or is the current state of practice can only reach this level? In the ancient sage Patan Jiali "Yoga Sutra" in [8], defines yoga as "control" to heart function. Yoga is by using certain thoughts, to the position to think, although the "true knowledge" only through "body experience or understanding", but only if we practice without thought, lost breathing and yoga, Yoga will lose the fundamental, the so-called trifles.
Drive 2.4 modern marketing mode, "Chinese" Yoga presents secularization characteristics
In recent years, with the rapid development of society, the increase of income and leisure time, it brings great space for the development of fitness industry. On the one hand, people pursuit of quick results through short time training, do not want to invest a lot, just want to see the short-term effect; on the other hand, some yoga in the pursuit of commercial effect exaggerated yoga fitness function.
The pursuit of modern yoga into China's footprint, not by our neighbors and the birthplace of Yoga - India directly into, but by the British, from Europe to the Americas, and then brought by the distant United states. The height of the economic and Technological Development in Europe and the United States to Gama "modernization and commercialization" color, the height of the commercial operation of the positive role of yoga to promotion, but also makes the Chinese development inevitably tainted yoga in secular imprinting. The yoga training of every hue or advertising in good shape young girl, facial expressions, movements and yoga irrelevant; or with a variety of difficult asana to attract the eye, which is obviously a similar phenomenon be too numerous to enumerate, a calm and peaceful Yoga draw further apart. What is hidden behind the secularization is the enormous economic benefits. Some training institutions launched the so-called master, a class of hundreds or even tens of thousands of dollars.
The development of modern yoga embarked on the road of industrialization, become part of the people to build up the family fortunes means, this is the alienation of yoga. The "empty" is the Vatican nature of [9], said: Yoga wise inner activities renounced his activities. This secular tendency not only deviates from the original intention of yoga practitioners, but also to mislead.
3 "Chinese style" Yoga reflects the characteristics of Chinese sports culture
3.1 the pursuit of health, health, is living in the moment of reflection of realism
India ancestors believed that through yoga can get rid of earthly suffering to extreme side China progenitor, the general public is not about the afterlife, seldom believe in reincarnation, more and more people face the real world practical emphasis on "living in the moment", the present report, students are not old, enduring as the universe. The life of man can not overcome the length of limitations, when faced with this problem, only to grasp the moment to live well, to live up to a short life. Contemporary Chinese people have always stressed that health is all wealth, right before the "1", so more and more attention to health, any means to promote health can cause great interest.
Yoga and the timely introduction of physical fitness function, just match the needs of modern Chinese. Chinese from Gado for the purpose of fitness and health, the physical fitness yoga as a means rather than a practice. With the great wealth of material life, obesity, "three high" with modern civilization diseases are increasing, there is an urgent need for a good way to solve this problem. As a way of keeping fit, yoga asana is widely used in the gym.
The Chinese style of yoga on the "operation" of the needs of the resulting [10]. in order to be able to get healthy and better alive, people take a variety of methods. Sports because it can improve health and widely loved by yoga, in recent years to the rapid popularization, the effect of physical fitness is the main reason. After all, exercise has the health benefits. However, it is a matter of "living at ease" for the sake of physical health, or for the sake of purification of the soul. In fact, the maintenance of good, exercise or not, bring us should not only live.
3.2 enjoy sports, get rid of the pressure, stay in the stage of pleasure
Survey shows that mainland Chinese workers in the past year to bear the pressure of the world's first. In modern society, the Chinese people feel more and more pressure from all aspects of their work and life. After the movement of the brain, the transfer of excitement, to relieve fatigue, transfer attention, to improve sleep is also good. Exercise as a supplement to life or work, ease the pressure of work, get rid of the troubles in life. It is not for a yoga practice, but to the WTO, in order to better work life; not only enjoy the work process, but also to pursue good results.
Practicing yoga is only to ease the pressure of life, not to get a sense of yoga in any matter. On the other hand, yoga this movement is not too tired, do not need too many skills, generally adhere to three months of practice showed that the obvious body shaping effect, people find that simple method. People think that there is so much pressure in life and work, sports will no longer need to imprison all kinds of thoughts, as long as the tongtongkuaikuai move, do not accept yoga in abstinence, without attachment of desire, the philosophical spirit of yoga is almost gone. The practice of yoga is not to no desire but in order to better meet the desire of the body as a variant of all desires. Is to enjoy life is not a life of sin, desire debut, do not know whether the soul is absent.
The impact of modern yoga into the China people and the popular fitness way is far higher than that of the religious influence, practitioners not to "free from pain and sorrow" like an ascetic to oneself is constrained, but as the pursuit of health and happiness, enjoy life better by means of fitness. Although the "Bhagavad Gita" is given a variety of Yoga interpretation, but China style yoga seemed too easy, the pursuit of happiness, peace and joy, this has caused us deep reflection.
3.3 perception and pursuit of beauty is the main driving force for women to participate in yoga, the different standards of beauty is the main difference between men and women to participate in sports
Has been described as "China beauty, light and soft, very pretty and charming slim, as gentle is characteristic of female beauty, therefore, more female practitioners of yoga, Yoga asanas to make soft body, highlight the improvement on the body flexibility of yoga has more Oriental women charm. The practice of yoga, especially when it comes to entry, is the result of a reduction in fat ratio, which is in line with the aesthetic standards of the female body.
In China describe men often use "mighty and fierce, strong big words", "move mountains" is Xiang Yu's masculine power and flexibility, the male is relatively weak, so the entry of yoga is difficult. And the men are more involved in the performance of the gas to reflect the confrontational projects such as basketball, badminton, etc.. In fact, rigidity and flexibility is the relationship between a pair of opposite Chinese and interact with each other, Chinese has exquisite rigid balance, whether by just into the soft, soft or just. This is what is rigid, xiangshengxiangchang, "moral" said: "there is nothing weaker than water, and candefeat it. Just soft is the practice of yoga, yoga to comprehend the spirit, must overcome all kinds of obstacles in practice.
3.4 inclusive and conflict is not only reflected in the whole process of sports cultural exchanges, but also to promote the development of sports culture
The influence of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism is deeply rooted in the consciousness of the Chinese people for thousands of years. Whether it is the natural body of Confucian and Taoist ritual body, or Zen Jie Dinghui in the body. Whole body is received from parents, can not be changed. For example, "the Confucian view of body is always questioning position and meaning of body exists in the society in the country, do not value the body's own energy and independent value, the focus of concern has always been on the physical level of socialization". Especially in the modern world after so many years, Western thought quickly affect the young a generation of modern people no longer have to the body's sense of shame, the body is able to show that people on the body have paid more attention to the. The traditional view of body Chinese process conflict and modern foreign things need to release, perhaps related to Chinese in recent decades have no faith in God, for "Buddhist" transcendental nature of fear. Open the door so that we see a lot of foreign things, we have no time to digest, absorb all the first, while practicing digestion.
In fact, early Taoist Daoyin, Buddhist patriarch of the "Damour" has muscle-bone strengthening exercise methods of practice, similar to yoga, but now the spread of Qigong guidance, far behind the same from yoga.
But Chinese has strong cultural assimilation, assimilation and inclusiveness of this powerful make Chinese cultural elements gradually penetrated and combined with yoga, Yoga also promotes its development in change, constantly shaping in Chinese culture, become our practice in China, the "Yoga". Although in yoga enter the Chinese when performance for the cultural integration, but the conflict is inevitable, modern science and technology, economic development and the ancient oriental culture needs more friction process. The modern yoga lessons of modern industrial civilization, developed the Yoga brick, yoga bar, yoga balls and other instruments, while yoga poses that does not need any auxiliary equipment, because the limbs have provided the necessary gravity into Anti Gravity conditions. Some people even use modern technology to create high temperature yoga. Actively deal with the conflict between the traditional and modern, there are contradictions in the development of adaptive changes in order to survive, believe that in time, people will know the real yoga, real understanding of the profound meaning of yoga.
3.5 "Shanzhai" sports, taking the trend of thought reflects the contemporary Chinese sports culture "short and fast" value orientation
Like yoga, hip hop, taekwondo, aerobics and other popular fitness projects from abroad, basketball and even known as the national table tennis is not derived from the mainland, the majority of modern sports are the introduction of the project. Open Chinese receive a large amount of foreign health, ready-made things get over with is very simple, we only need to go out and please come in, a fresh sports directly in front of us, we can do is play on the basis of Chinese wisdom to carry forward, so there are the some small ball into the world N Championships, only the "Chinese" yoga.
"Bring" is very simple, with the things that do not mean that you do not need to create new things, does not mean you can lose yourself. In contrast, our national traditional sports in where? How many sports have we created in recent decades? We have a handful of sports, traditional sports and even to apply for the protection of cultural heritage, has become an endangered species.
The core of sports is the value orientation of "short and fast" in Contemporary Chinese sports culture. On the one hand, to obtain immediate performance, fitness effect to short-term effect, quick thinking that makes people want to invest at least the maximum output; on the other hand, now Chinese especially children is the most busy, no air play, not play. Chinese young people are struggling to cope with exam oriented education. The essence of sports is the game, sports itself should be played out. Nearly two, thirty years of examination oriented education system grew up in the next generation, simply will not play, but also talk about the creation of the two? Lack of new projects, the traditional things can not be inherited, lack of creativity is the shackles of China's sports development. A new look at the foreign project makes us dazzling, the national system of doctrine, preservation of the Chinese sports tournament seemingly "face", the sunshine sports will benefit the whole society, when we can let us no longer entangled in the sports power sports country or problems. Yoga should understand the "slow", the real feeling of life, not instant success.
4 concluding remarks
In Chinese yoga as foreign sports culture dissemination, in theory is the dissemination of culture, which is a combination of foreign sports culture has spread outward characteristics, conditions and path problems, more China of foreign sports culture, which can constitute a real docking foreign sports culture in the spread of China. When the modern yoga as a foreign sports culture to fitness in the form of China spread, formed with the characteristics of "Chinese China" is the initial stage of the development of yoga, yoga performance in China, this process needs to study the connotation of yoga, also need to explore the practice of development, after all, Yoga is "practical knowledge". A dozen or even dozens of yoga practice need years to enlightenment. To really need to know the essence of yoga, learning is "authentic" yoga, from form to essence, or its essence to its dregs, the formation of "Chinese characteristics" of yoga, is worth thinking deeply.
Open the door, contact with different cultures, different sports culture, is conducive to the understanding of their own sports culture. Our national traditional sports is not a narrow national consciousness of sports. The national traditional sports needs unearthing, eclectic, reform and innovation, which has the characteristics of the times at the same time with the commercial packaging, market operations and other means, from the spreading of yoga experience, completion of national traditional sports in China Everbright renaissance.
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