1、 China's public revenue
1. The concept of public revenue
Public financial revenue is the sum of various forms of revenue obtained by governments at all levels in accordance with the law in order to realize the political, economic, social and cultural functions of the country, provide public goods, and rely on national public power. The ways of public revenue in China include taxation, government bond revenue, state-owned assets income, public charges, etc.
2. Growth trend of China's public revenue
The above figure is a broken line chart of China's fiscal revenue from 2006 to 2015. It can be seen from the chart that China's public fiscal revenue increases with the continuous development of the economy. However, the growth rate of China's public fiscal revenue fell from 22.5% in 2006 to 5.8% in 2015, and the growth rate of fiscal revenue slowed significantly.
3. Analysis on the structure of China's public revenue
The above figure is a broken line chart of the proportion of central fiscal revenue and local fiscal revenue in China from 2006 to 2015. It can be seen from the chart that the proportion of central fiscal revenue in national fiscal revenue is decreasing year by year, while the proportion of local fiscal revenue is gradually increasing.
The fiscal revenue of a country mainly comes from taxes, income from state-owned assets, revenue from government bonds, etc. it can be seen from the above figure that China's fiscal revenue is mainly composed of taxes, new deal revenue, special revenue, fines and confiscations revenue and other revenue, and taxes have always accounted for the largest proportion of these types of revenue, although the growth rate of tax revenue has slowed down in recent years, However, it is undeniable that tax revenue is still the main source of China's public finance revenue.
It can be seen from the chart that there are many kinds of taxes in China, but the main ones are value-added tax, value-added tax and consumption tax on imported goods, national enterprise income tax and national business tax. It can be seen from the figure that in recent years, with the implementation of the tax sharing reform and the replacement of business tax with value-added tax, China's tax structure has also changed.
4. Existing problems of China's public revenue structure
From the above chart and analysis results, it can be seen that China's fiscal revenue shows a trend of stable growth, and tax has been the main source of China's public fiscal revenue for a long time, and value-added tax accounts for the largest proportion of tax revenue, which is the tax that contributes the most to China's fiscal revenue. On the whole, there are still some problems in the structure of China's fiscal revenue. First of all, China's fiscal revenue accounts for a small proportion of China's GDP, which is lower than the world average. The low proportion of fiscal revenue limits the role of Chinese government functions and the implementation effect of macro-control. Since the reform and opening up, China's income distribution pattern has undergone tremendous changes. Personal income has increased rapidly, accounting for more than 70% of the entire national income. However, China's tax policy has not changed, and it is still maintained on the basis of the original enterprise as the main tax source and individual as the secondary tax source. As a result, the growth rate of China's fiscal revenue is difficult to catch up with the speed of economic development, It is difficult for China's fiscal revenue to increase as the economy develops. In addition, the proportion of China's central fiscal revenue in the total fiscal revenue is also low and is declining year by year, from higher than the local fiscal revenue to lower than the local fiscal revenue, which affects the concentration of national financial resources. In the current situation that China's regional economic development gap is still large, the central fiscal revenue, which continues to decline in proportion, cannot guarantee the equalization of public services among regions.
5. Improvement measures
First of all, in the face of the gradual decline in the proportion of China's central fiscal revenue, the state should continue to carry out fiscal and tax reform to increase the proportion of central fiscal revenue in total fiscal revenue, ensure the balance and equality of public services among regions, and reduce the gap in economic development between different regions.
In addition, the state should also reasonably regulate and control various sources of fiscal revenue, continue to pay close attention to tax collection and management, strengthen fiscal and tax reform, ensure the steady growth of fiscal revenue, reasonably adjust the proportion of different taxes, and increase the collection based on personal income? ο It's my father's pledge, and I'm looking forward to it? Break the previous tax situation in which enterprises and state-owned enterprises were the main part, while individuals and non-state-owned enterprises were the auxiliary part. At the same time, China should also adhere to the reform of value-added tax, ensure the contribution rate of China's value-added tax to fiscal revenue, gradually increase the proportion of tax revenue in GDP, increase China's fiscal revenue, and strengthen the macro-control function of the Chinese government on the economy.
Finally, in order to ensure the stable growth of China's fiscal revenue, China should adopt administrative and legal means to manage the economy, further improve the efficiency and quality of China's economic growth, and ensure the stable and sustainable development of economy and society.
2、 Public expenditure in China
1. The concept of public financial expenditure
Public financial expenditure refers to the sum of public expenses paid by the central and local governments at all levels to provide public goods to the society in order to realize the political, economic, social and cultural functions of the country and meet the public needs of the society. Public financial expenditure is also regarded as the cost of performing National functions. The scale and structure of public financial expenditure directly reflect the orientation of government public policy, and public financial expenditure is also a resource allocation activity to meet public needs.
According to the items of public financial expenditure, it can be divided into economic construction expenditure, social education, culture and health expenditure, national defense expenditure, administrative expenditure and other expenditure.
2. The growth trend of China's public financial expenditure
The above figure is a broken line chart of China's public financial expenditure from 2006 to 2015. As can be seen from the figure, with the continuous growth of China's economic development demand and fiscal revenue, China's public financial expenditure is also growing. Its growth rate decreased from 19.1% in 2006 to 13.2% in 2015. Although the growth rate of fiscal expenditure also tends to slow down, it is not as large as the decline of fiscal revenue.
3. Analysis on the structure of public financial expenditure in China
The expenditures of the five major categories in the above figure are the expenditures with a large proportion in the medium and long term of China's fiscal expenditure, including general public service expenditure, social security and employment expenditure, education expenditure, urban and rural community affairs expenditure, agriculture, forestry and water affairs expenditure. Among them, education expenditure, social security and employment expenditure, urban and rural community affairs expenditure, and agricultural and forestry affairs expenditure are generally on the rise and growing rapidly. Among them, the national fiscal expenditure on education has the fastest growth rate and the largest proportion, which shows that the state attaches importance to it. In contrast, although the general public service expenditure of the national finance also shows an increasing trend, the growth rate is slow and unstable.
As shown in the figure, the above three expenditures account for a very small proportion of China's fiscal expenditure for a long time, namely, science and technology expenditure, medical and health expenditure and environmental protection expenditure. Among them, the growth rate of science and technology expenditure is the fastest in recent years, indicating that the state has paid attention to the development of science and technology year by year, but the growth rate of medical and health expenditure and environmental protection expenditure has been not obvious, accounting for a relatively small proportion.
The figure above shows the comparison of the proportion of central fiscal expenditure and local fiscal expenditure from 2006 to 2015. It can be seen from the figure that China's central fiscal expenditure has always accounted for a large proportion of the country's total fiscal expenditure, and the proportion has been increasing in recent years, while China's local fiscal expenditure accounts for a relatively small proportion and has shown a downward trend in recent years. The above two charts are the comparison between the central fiscal expenditure structure and the local fiscal expenditure structure. It can be seen from the figure that the focus of central and local fiscal expenditure is different. The central government accounts for the largest proportion of national defense expenditure, while the local government accounts for the largest proportion of education expenditure. Except for defense expenditure, the central government's fiscal expenditure of other categories remained basically stable, but its public service expenditure decreased significantly. Local fiscal expenditure basically shows an increasing trend, but the growth rate of education expenditure has slowed down in recent years, and the growth of public service expenditure is the least obvious.
4. Existing problems in the structure of public financial expenditure in China
It can be seen from the data and analysis that after the reform and opening up, China's administrative expenses have been rising, crowding out the share of other fiscal expenditures to a certain extent, and the continuous rise of administrative expenses is partly due to the bloated and inefficient Chinese government agencies. In addition, when the social security measures in western countries are becoming more and more perfect, and a large part of the fiscal expenditure is used for social security, by contrast, the fiscal expenditure for social security in China accounts for a small proportion of the total fiscal expenditure.
Secondly, although China's expenditure on public services has generally shown an increasing trend year by year, the growth rate is slowing down day by day, which shows that the state still lacks sufficient attention in public service expenditure. Public services play a vital role in the development of people's living standards and regional economic balance in a society. The reduction of public service expenditure will make the social demand for public services unsatisfied.
It can be seen from the chart that China spends less on science and technology, environmental protection and health care, and the proportion is small. Although China's investment in science and technology has been rising in recent years, there are still problems in its expenditure structure, resulting in some of the funds invested did not actually play a role in promoting science and technology. China's expenditure on health care has also been in a low position in the world for a long time. According to 2014 data, the United States' expenditure on health care accounts for 17.1% of its GDP, ranking first in the world, while China's expenditure accounts for only 5.5%, ranking 123rd. This shows that the country does not pay attention to and lacks planning for health care development. Environmental protection is also the key to long-term stable and sustainable economic development, but China's low fiscal expenditure on environmental protection makes environmental protection lack of funds and cannot bring positive externalities to economic development.
Finally, as for the expenditure on education, although China's education expenditure accounts for the largest proportion of public financial expenditure and has been on the rise, its proportion in GDP is still lower than the world average. At the same time, the structure of China's education expenditure also lacks pertinence to the current situation of China's education level.
3、 Suggestions for improvement
To make China's public financial expenditure more efficient and targeted, we need to start with structural reform. In view of the continuous growth of administrative expenses in China's fiscal expenditure, China?? We need to further strengthen the reform of the national administrative system, such as streamlining administrative institutions, reducing unnecessary administrative personnel, reducing redundant administrative processes, improving the efficiency of administrative work, and appropriately curbing the continuous rise of administrative costs. In addition, China should increase the number of people covered by social security and the amount of social security, so as to solve the problem that the expenditure on social security and public services account for a relatively small proportion. China's fiscal expenditure should focus more on projects closely related to the interests of the masses, so as to effectively improve the overall welfare level of society.
In addition, China should also rationalize the investment structure of science and technology, strengthen the fund guidance mechanism for enterprise innovation and technology, and further coordinate the macro management of science and technology, so as to make the expenditure on science and technology truly effective. Further strengthen the reform of medical insurance and the investment in medical and health care, so as to improve the medical and health conditions and improve the physical quality of the people. In terms of environmental protection, the state should also increase investment and pay more attention to it in order to control the environment and achieve long-term sustainable economic development. In terms of education, China should continue to regard science and education expenditure as the focus of fiscal expenditure, take effective measures to further increase the proportion of science and education expenditure in total fiscal expenditure, and make the structure of education expenditure more scientific and targeted.