The northeastern area of Qing Dynasty of the Songhua River, Heilongjiang, Wusuli River Basin and coastal areas, the Sakhalin Island, inhabited by Hector Zhe, Fei Yaka, Oroqen, Ciller, Sakhalin, exactly Kara and other ethnic minorities. Although they don't have the custom, but they are hunting and fishing, especially good at catching mink. The Qing government in order to maintain the rule of the region, especially the establishment of Sanxing vice yamen, such as military and political synthetic mechanism, to carry on the management to the minority nationalities in the border area, and the provisions of the "border meter to households", "design surname long, mayor to system". For those who was compiled households, per household per year must to the Qing government pay mink a. At the same time, the Qing government to pay tribute to give reward, known as the "Wulin tours", ("Wulin" Manchu "ulin", meaning "wealth, wealth") is the meaning of the reward money. This is the "tribute mink reward Wulin" origin. From the beginning establishment period of Huairou custodial MI, to the Kangxi and Qianlong period of the system completely, and then to the end of the Qing Dynasty, because of the wastefulness of the national treasury and finally abolished, "tribute mink reward Wulin" system play a necessary role in history. Through the "tribute mink reward Wulin" system implementation, the Qing Dynasty in politics clear central regime and Sanxing areas of the frontier minority subordinate relationship; in economy promotes the barter trade frontier of mink specialty, improve the living standards of Hezhe minority, "benevolence Fuyuan people" political influence is very far-reaching.
A number of tribute mink.
According to historical records, in the early period of Nuerhachi and Huangtaiji, living in Heilongjiang River basin the deer, the dogs and Wusuli River east of Linhai minority residents that is tribute mink activities, and get the corresponding reward in the Qing Dynasty. After 1644, take pacify policies, life has his submission fee Yaka Zhuang Tun headman Tabb crossbow to the East China Sea Islands (now the Okhotsk Sea, the island) to pacify, order has been submitting to pacify their ethnic nationality, the headman have come to pay tribute. Lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River on both sides of the river and coastal areas of minority nationalities collectively for Hezhen fee Yaka, living on Sakhalin Island in the minority peoples collectively known as "library page charges Yaka people" the Qing government of.
After the reunification of the country, the Qing government strengthen the rule and management in Northeast China, come to submission and tribute of the frontier minority number has increased year by year.
Shunzhi sixteen years (1659) in March, Wen Tun within nine village fee Yaka people submitting to Qing Dynasty; Shunzhi sixteen years (1659) August 29, to pledge allegiance to the Qing Dynasty coast 15 village more than 120 households fee Yaka people; Shunzhi seventeen years (1670) in November, Yaka tribal leader Chai Bang Anu and other tribute; Shunzhi 18 years (1671) in June a fee Yaka Xi Suk, Qi Tun tribute mink. [2] Volume 138 "fifteen years of Emperor Kangxi, Hezhen fee Yaka tribute mink a thousand 209 households; since 15 years to the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Emperor Kangxi 61 years continue to increase 701 households, a total of 1000 9.1 households.
Since fifteen years of Qianlong and Yongzheng reign, and an increase of three hundred and forty. The Hezhen Yaka two thousand two hundred and fifty fee. Again, Yongzheng ten years, Zhaofu living in the island Terman Hetu homes library page fee Yaka 146 households in the and its contributing marten. Since the twelve years of Yong Zheng and Qianlong two years increased two, a total of one hundred and forty-eight households. This tribute mink Hezhen fee Yaka 22.5 households, than during the reign of Emperor Kangxi increased more than 300 households, Sakhalin fee Yaka households than recruit service at the beginning of the increase in two households. " [3]460 for these minority nationalities in the border area, gift book to the tribute is not only a significant addition to the economic, more is a kind of glory. Therefore, to increase year by year tribute mink people. Fifteen years of Qianlong (1750), the scholar Fu identity zoubao contributing marten of Hertz zhe fee Yaka people and library page fee Yaka person households and request tours Wulin matters: "tribute all Hezhen fee Yaka people such as mink, the emperor numerous tours awarded them, though benevolence Fuyuan people to grace, although the et al Tribute mink if not specified the number of their wishes to the tribute must be regarded emperor Lunn statute, continue to increase, after a considerable period of time, counter do not know the emperor Lunn Yi!" [3]461 "Yaka Hezhen fee and Kuye feeya Kagong mink number, if not to be fixed for, will continue to increase. Minions, pray please present Na Gong mink of Hertz zhe fee Yaka 2220 households and library page charges Yaka 148 households permanent as a fixed, afterwards is not allowed to increase.
If there is a reduction of Ding, whose lack of replacement by the children, Beanagon." [3]461 Emperor Qianlong of the approved his proposal, the provisions of the tribute mink and enjoy the Wulin the number, the Hezhen fee Yaka for fifty surname 2 250 households, the library page charges Yaka for six surname 148 households. Until twelve years tongzhi (1873), and a number of Wulin tribute mink has been changed. At first, Hezhen fee Yaka fifty surname 2 250 Tohara Yune ancient pagodas deputy Dutong jurisdiction, the only library page charges Yaka six surname 148 households to Sanxing vice president under the jurisdiction. The frontier people went to the distance, tribute mink, very inconvenient. Forty-five years of Qianlong (1780), Jilin general petitioned to all who Hezhen fee Yaka and the library page fee Yaka classified Sanxing vice Dutong yamen management, related tribute mink tours Wulin matters with Sanxing vice generals responsible.
Two, Gong mink tours of the time and place of Wu Lin.
Each of the three names vice Dutong government within the deadline to receive silk tribute mink. Reward Wulin time is to be found in the origin of Manchuria test, "records:" also dwelling place is far not to ningguta sink leaves a, June, sent the officer to from ningguta 3000 Pu Xiang Lu, Gong bestow. " [4]
"Sheng Ji" records: "the sea of Sakhalin island...... Every year not to Ning Guta, is set to 3000 the Pu Lu Xiang in June, and chapter Jingzhou line scheduled to be." [5]
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty in June each year between about tribute mink. According to Sanxing vice president Zhenguo general imperial clan Fu Ersong o to Jilin yamen general in his state of the Union address records: "Dong Sana in September come report: my life and to 148 sets of Wulin, on June 28, arrived to the odd Ji Xiang, in the provisions of July, Sakhalin fee Yaka six surname surname long six, mayor of eighteen, wear tunic person Erjiu together with the commoner 122 patients, a total of 148 households who, after another arrived to the agreed the Qi Ji Xiang, the tribute of Peter this year should be the tribute mink 148, Dong Sana, etc, will also bring 148 sets of Wulin as usual all reward." [3]10 thus, Qian Long in the library page fee in time for the July Yaka people tribute mink.
Gong mink after officials charged mink return three surname town in September, and to the deputy Dutong government reported to send tribute.
The place has changed several times tribute mink. In early three the minority area name directly to Beijing to pay the tribute mink, long very hard work. After the Yongzheng ten years (1732) Sanxing vice president establishs goverment office in feudal China, the lower reaches of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River downstream of the people of all ethnic groups to Sanxing vice generals where tribute. At the same time, in order to take care of the city from the surname of distances to each frontier nation, Sanxing vice president also regularly sent officials, to minority areas set up to collect taxes, the provisional administrative, responsible for contributing marten Wulin tours. Temporary administrative office, also known as wood City, "about 14 5 1 square areas, to log surrounded by a double fence, which left, right and back three for exchange. The central government has set up a heavy fence, administrative office set up here. This is the acceptance of the tribute and the award of the gift. There is only one door for each gate." [6]
Due to living Hezhe fee Yaka and library page charges Yaka 56 of the surname of different distances, the Qing government set up temporary administrative office is located in changes as well.
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the Qing government had in Pu Xiang Lu set up temporary administrative office, "living far not to Ning Guta bank a, June sent officials to ningguta 3000 Pu Lu Xiang, Gong awarded gift" [4]94. Qianlong, Ciller and odd set also has set up over temporary administrative office. "Yaka Hezhen fee if each year come to ningguta tribute mink, in ningguta charged mink and tours awarded Wulin; if not to Ning Guta, send soldiers to to go to Qileer (now in northern region of Heilongjiang Province odd Mooney river area) charged mink and awarded the Wulin award." [3]460 "to inhabiting the island library page charges Yaka tribute mink, Sanxing vice Dutong yamen martial art show soldiers, to the agreed with the odd set Gashan (in the singular set of the south shore of lake, this Russian territory of the cable near Fiske) to collect tribute mink and tours awarded Wulin. If not agreed to, the soldiers found in the island, the call came, and awarded the Hurin collection." [3]461 during the reign of emperor Jiaqing, at the same time with three tax, "exactly the biennial a to Wusu miles the river mang cattle, three surname sent receive tribute skin 90 Zhang, awarded to enjoy the thing. Qi Ji is more than the three surname city to pay tribute to the skin, receive reward. Qi Ji under club in Sanxing city northeast of 3000 treng en (treng, and Taiwan Lun, this Russian territory Litvin mining Waugh) local, three surname staff receive tribute skin, awarded to enjoy the thing ". Thus, treng also was the Qing government set up a temporary administrative office is located. Daoguang period, Sanxing area with four tax, in addition to the above mentioned several temporary tours outside the Ukrainian forest, Qing government also worked in Ni man, sequence of Cameroon, kinds, moire gas (now Russia Komsomolsk) side, dun dun estuary to been temporary administrative office.
The system of three, Gong mink.
Junji first year (1644), the Qing government moved the capital to Beijing, to the Northeast China Hezhe minority rule increasingly consolidated, contributing marten reward Wulin system has become more and more perfect. To the Qianlong period, this system gradually routine, specific procedures are a tribute mink Uhlin strict regulations. In tribute mink reward Wulin period, was sent to the temporary administrative officials should be responsible for the inspection of all, listen to long name, mayor of debriefing, deal with local disputes, the appointment and removal of some last names and Long Xiang Chang.
The Qing government shall receive silk tribute mink, mink of no tribute, no Uhlin tours. "This as each year to come to agreement place tribute mink, according to customary awarded Wulin tours; if not to come to the appointed place, stop tours awarded Wulin, until the next year ago received usual mink owed to the previous years, do not fill reward Wulin, only awarded when the Wulin." [3]461 however, special circumstances can be. Such as 16 years of Qianlong (1751) in February, cabinet copy out scholar, collar bodyguard minister, brave Kung Fu identity debate complex memorial to the throne that: "library page charges Yaka people, the residence of the and Ning Guta, Sanxing apart very far and club by the river, sea, mountains, forests, inevitably because the road block obtained mink and cannot be scheduled to come to, or when they infected can not come, the reality is difficult to foresee.
If the next year and the year A thing has its cause. donors, such as cut to compensate the negative, not the emperor far people think anxiously about soft arms." [3]14 in this regard, Fu Heng suggested: "when the accidental and in the coming year fill tribute, still according to precedent supply should enjoy; if two years under tribute, stop tribute owed mink and also stop patch awards. But that should receive the tribute mink, still as usual to reward, such as language." [3]14 thus it can be seen that due to special circumstances under tribute a year, in under a year tribute two years of mink, two Wulin; such as under tribute for more than two years, stop under tribute to patch awards.
The quality of officials responsible for reviewing the Wulin tours on good mink, collect tribute sent to the court, once granted liezhe trade. The late Qing Dynasty, began to appear shoddy phenomenon, clearly stated the Qing government in the first year of xianfeng. Xianfeng (1851) records, "this year March eighth of the fourth month, quasi duct nawufu consultative open, the government Xingzhi you will be in mink, carefully selected thickly furred velvet foot, are not allowed to be stained into, to prepare... If one is still as before, the government in addition to playing hide Ming rejected the replacement, will undertake officials named Yan Shen, due to." [3]255 Xianfeng reign (1851) on the fifth day of the month, Sanxing vice president is on the matter presented unto, careful and precise in mink, Hezhen fee Yaka people. "The subsequent Haier in mink, must according to the new set of cases, choose large and thickly furred, uniform color are feeding, broken not send smoke affected mink. Again, ink philosophers such as mink. It is according to go forward to send Mao Dao is not unified, Zhang Chi short, be staining, the Yamen will Haier sent staining of mink back, cut to the reward of Wulin, and should be severely punished, showing the ring to the public, and never light Rao. " [3]256
Four, the level of reward uhlin.
To pay tribute to the minority at the same time, the Qing government to give a certain reward to them. The reward according to the different Uhlin, their identity and status, divided into different levels. Each including different quantity and quality of silk clothing and daily necessities, with strict feudal hierarchy. Qing Dynasty allowed northeast frontier minority leader according to the Ordinance prepared a certain amount of dowry, to pay tribute to the capital to marry "Royal cases female" for his wife, in order to strengthen the central government and their political connections. These "Royal cases of female identity to marry the woman, in the tribe is enshrined, known as the" Saerhan cone "(Manchu" sarganjui ", meaning for" girl "); married man" Saerhan cone ", known as" Huo Jihun "(Manchu" hojihon "meaning" son "). These" Saerhan cone "and" Huo Jihun "every year is as usual, Gunnar mink a piece, the Qing government on their Shang Cihou, Yu Long. They as a leader in behalf of the government to manage local, long-term living in the frontier of the people of all ethnic groups is with long history and pro system of inheritance and development.
From the table we can see in the reward Wulin process "Saerhan cone" level the highest, get the reward quantity and variety of materials have more than all. The followed by long name, the mayor, the children, the white, their class distinction not only in the number of tours of, but also in the quality and variety of gift items. Saerhan cone, long name, mayor, all thanks in robes, indicating that they were appointed by the state officials and peeresses, on behalf of the Imperial Palace member of the local governance. In appreciation of Wulin, also changed the rewards of clothing, beginning with the reward of garments, from Yongzheng six years (1728) is converted into cloth tours awarded. This not only eliminates the need for the clothing cost, time, and can avoid the clothes do not fit. Qianlong eight years (1743), "the (last name three deputy Dutong yamen) annually awarded ningguta belong to three local surname library page charges Yaka people, such as clothing, this made by the Ministry of Shengjing, ningguta took off after the tours awarded. After households, to things in the Jin Chen, if by Shenyang Municipal production, protracted and doesn't fit, please take into consideration the changing reward satin cloth. " [3]6 for those who live by hunting, these clothes and daily necessities are very precious. Especially in the middle and lower reaches of the Heilongjiang local ethnic minorities living in a dense forest in the mountains, to fishing and hunting for a living. Of these supplies to more difficult.
Come to contributing marten many people from the frontier and to long distances, trek, therefore, the Qing government also sent round the need rations and the period of residence in a banquet. Wu Lin award expenditure required for food, divided into "by" and "RUME". "By" refers to the issued to an alien who comes to contributing marten in taxes needed food and gave a banquet in honour of the needed food. "RUME" refers to the way people travel tribute mink food to. According to regulations, people come to tribute mink 8 3 meters per day in the. The Hezhen Yaka fifty fee name in the tax point for five days, six people Yaka library page fee name for two days.
Including the "party" feast "a fried Su" "two times to disobey the" four "feast" etc.. Daoguang fourteen years (1834), surnamed Chang 22 people, 188 townships, the children (robe) 107 people, white 2 081 people to come to tribute mink border, a total of 2 398 people, is "by" 482 meters stone 1 bucket, valley 335 stone 7 Doo. They in round way with rations according to the distance from the date issued, a total of 2 398 people to RUME 399 stone bucket 2 3 litres 9 spoon.
Fifty six years of Qianlong (1791), Sanxing vice generals reporting officer food warehouse overhead file records, this year 56 surname residents have 2 392 people come to reward as tribute, contact way, period of residence, and banquet reception, a total of cereals 2 008 stone, accounting for about half of the total food expenditures in the three surname of the year.
The decline of five, reward system of Wulin tribute mink.
Tribute mink reward Wulin is the Qing government on three surname in the border and minority areas of implementation of a special grace reward system requires huge financial maintained. Qing government each year to reward Wulin about 2 400 sets, these silk, cloth and daily necessities, in addition to the annual received from Shengjing interior home three flag weaving library outside, most of the rest are the ministry from across the country to raise. Wulin of reward items fee, contributing marten traveling to beijing escort fee and reward tribute to the rations fees, banquet fees added together, the amount is very huge. The strength of the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the implementation of a Wulin tribute mink, The loss outweighs the gain.
Xianfeng began to appear less and the discount on uhlin. Xianfeng eleven years (1861) March 16, Jilin yamen general for less put Wulin shopping Su cloth folding to issue consultative Sanxing vice president rich nyang o the document contained: "according to agency Sanxing vice Tongxie collar Nyanga Atchafalaya Fu said, stolen check in tours awarded Wu Hezhen fee Yaka people Ling, festival owed collar, and should make mink and not slightly insufficient. Since then the Department staff, because of considering the Hezhen Russian representations of Yi, a very close to the inhibition. Alternative thickened Zhaofu. Fortunately, the city shut those 1, all, although less collar tired million, Wannan sorrow should be tours awarded to withheldest not trying to bingdang, still conform to the old system, owed cloth were financing business power pad do. " More than [3]92 in the decline of national power, war, invasion, the Qing government to owe the Wulin take the measures issued by the silver off. Tongzhi four years (1865), Jilin yamen general Hubu consultative make support Shengjing Hubu money fold to contributing marten personnel consulting Sanxing vice president rich nyang file load: "should enjoy Hezhe satin, the merchants from the outmoded vendor, shopping, can only follow the lead to discount, the tribute to the replacement. The thought of losing fee is not Yaka Hezhen Gong Xiao Gengzhi, over the years have Lai pension satin fabric cover, the need of. Afterwards if as usual order discount and turn hurt for collar, the tribute enable unavoidably by the word push floor, sincere and collect tribute to the skin and give preferential treatment to the foreigners enjoy a bar... That will owe on Jilin collar awarded reward Hertz philosopher such as Jia Zi, Chou two years makeup Satin 160 horsepower, accounted for by the drafts banknote to price,... Second Republic of silver a thousand Lingbashijiuliangba money and six per cent 2 cents five silk, so that by the inventory under regardless of where a rapid discount silver according to the number of turn Jilin general nuclear discretion properly do so because. " [3]98 thus it can be seen that in the Tongzhi four years (1865) before, Sanxing vice president yamen has the undeveloped border two tours awarded, and misappropriation of other payments to be compensation.
Xianfeng decade (1860). After the signing of the Sino Russian Treaty of Beijing ", the vast territory of the Wusuli River and east of Heilongjiang in the middle and lower reaches of being occupied Russia, the Qing government in these areas implementation of the 200 years of contributing marten reward Wulin system and give marriage system undergone fundamental changes. Treaty signed early, the Qing government according to the relevant provisions of the treaty, in Wusuli River and east of Heilongjiang downstream areas, continue to maintain tribute mink tours Wulin system, but to admire the Wulin officials must hold Russian license to, and only on the pretext of contractors mink matters, does not allow the use of "Contribution Award". A few years after the Russian find an excuse refused to grant a license, Chinese officials are not allowed to enter the area, so to Guangxu in the early years, "Peter can't come, I can't to contributing marten code is useless".
The war also caused difficulties to catch mink. According to Miyabayashi Hide records: "in recent years due to inadequate skins every year to two or three years a tribute area. Because the skins and decreased year by year, but only four or five years before going to an administrative office. Manchuria officials often send people to the island mountain once urged tribute.[6]
In this case, sixteen years Guangxu (1890), Cao Tingjie in the three provinces in Northeast China geography illustrated book proposed abolished tribute mink reward Wulin system: "three surname contributing marten of all ethnic groups, with the titular, should stop to admire the Wu Ling (i.e. Wulin) to spend extravagantly.... Mink cases. Once a year old Gong Yan, three years a tribute dinner three times, all thanks dressed, what device, dubbed the 'reward Wu Ling', the self rule of various Ministry spokesman said 'wear,'. A Yod of mink, fee silver Shiyuliang.
Imperial Grand, so the original bribed, solid I sleep also. Since the Russian land, the Ministry of natural world into russia. So, this tribute road off, can't come, I can not go, the code name is Gong mink...... Only three names to the Wusuli River mouth old Qileer people and tribute road is not absolute, although is now affiliated with Fuch Jincheng, Wu Messenger, no tribute mink, i.e., no Black Damask tours. Please send this shangwuling silk. Temporary stop."
This shows that the system has a Wulin tribute mink is difficult to implement. Until twenty-seven years Guangxu (1901), the special system of management of Northeastern Minority Nationality was completely abolished. (table)
Reference
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[2] [M]. of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1986
[3] archives of Liaoning province. Three surname vice Dutong yamen Manchu archives translation [G]. Shenyang: Liaoning Publishing House, 1984
[4] A Gui. Origin and development of Manchuria [M]. Shenyang: Liaoning national press, 1988: eight.
[5] Wei Yuan. Sheng Kee [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984:.
[6] Mamiya Hayashihide. The three [M]. in East Beijing: the Commercial Press, 1974
[7] sa. Jilin: Jilin literature press Changchun out discipline [M]. 1986:, volume eight.
[8] Yang Yulian, Clinton smiled. The study of history, [J]. ruled the border and minority areas in Jilin 1982, (6).
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[10] Cao Tingjie. The map says [G]/ / Liaohai series. Shenyang: Liaoning Publishing House, 1985: 2262