英语论文
原创论文
留学生作业
英语论文格式
免费论文
essay
英国硕士论文
英国毕业论文
英语论文
留学生论文
澳大利亚论文
新西兰论文
澳洲Report
澳洲留学生论文
美国留学论文
Dissertation
美国硕博论文
essay case
Eassy
Term paper
英语毕业论文
英文论文
课程作业
德语论文
德语专业论文
德语本科论文
德国留学论文
Assignment
日语论文
韩语论文
法语论文
俄语论文

美国铁路华工的分析

时间:2021-08-21 来源:未知 编辑:梦想论文 阅读:
2015 is a large number of laborers in the construction of the central Pacific Railroad 150 anniversary, 2019 is the first transcontinental railway officially opened the 150 anniversary of the American continent. The United States Pacific Railway construction history tells us that no Chinese participation could not have completed the United States Pacific Railway seven years ahead of time, this is the United States as a new rising in developing countries and rich ancient Chinese civilization, a migrant workers to build the remarkable great construction project, but also the United States as a symbol of the rise of modern Pacific the state of the event.
 
Study on the construction of Chinese American Railway not only has important significance, historical and cultural exchanges, and economic, and today the construction of high speed railway ocean South America two times, review the hard times of 150 years ago has much significance. The Chinese railway workers mostly from Guangdong and the Pearl River Delta in Wuyi region. A comprehensive and in-depth study of the railway laborers, from what it can not leave the research for Guangdong area overseas Chinese laborers ocean railway construction and the living conditions of the United states.
 
This paper focuses on the association between Chinese American Railway and China Guangdong overseas Chinese basic research project. I do not live in the Guangdong area for the study of overseas Chinese, overseas Chinese in the primary stage of the inappropriate, please forgive me.
 
First, strengthening basic research projects is a priority
 
First of all, to carry out the railway laborers basic research, both the US and Chinese researchers are duty bound. Compared to the existing research results about the American Railway laborers, data of basic research is relatively weak, the construction of the database, the related thematic literature archives, information and collection and compilation of less. If there is no basic solid collection, comprehensive analysis, investigation and research, making the database and on this basis, it is difficult to carry out in-depth research in the historical focus, a solid and reliable basis difficult and doubtful, and a breakthrough. The importance of investigation and research of basic information, both the US and Chinese scholars are duty bound. From now on, there are still 5 years to 2019, as long as careful planning, to ensure adequate funding and human resources in place, can be achieved in an important phase of basic research results.
 
Secondly, in China, the Chinese research foundation of the American Railway Engineering is still in its infancy, therefore even more urgent. Compared to the United States, basic research project in China both in the planning and the actual start, all need to spare no effort to catch up. The United States has produced a number of related databases, not only provides us with an important basic information, but also for us to create China's database provides an important reference. We note that the existing types of academic achievements in engineering both theory research, literature summary, local government records data series, stone tombstone notes compilation, involving the United States railway laborers project success; a variety of academic planning projects in the project are rarely involved; the basic investigation in this field and research. In addition to a small number of library staff and the hometown research workers, on the whole, to participate in the basic research team is weak, is engaged in the field of social investigation and the lack of staff; social attention and voluntary participation is also lack of personnel. It is imperative that the relevant functional departments need additional projects, and actively organize forces in order to bear fruit in batches. The Chinese American Railway laborers basic investigation work is seriously lagging behind, is not accidental. One is in the impetuous mind, a lot of money and power in the long and difficult time rarely produce basic research fruits on the project two is slower; this kind of basic research projects involving personnel, in the current academic ecology over quantitative, often difficult to set up and let everyone share academic achievements which greatly affected the enthusiasm of the participants. In addition, there is another important reason: because of modern China since the war continued, political unrest, and resource conservation awareness is weak and backward technology, to find and recover the basic information of great difficulty, increase the reliability of cost and effect. If we do not pay attention to the top-level design, the difficulty can be imagined.
 
Third, the urgent need to organize the project research, breakthrough in the study of the difficulties and doubts. The emphasis on the study of basic engineering, does not mean that the research difficulties and problems of neglect in the Chinese American railway. The research on basic research and research difficulties and doubts run parallel to each other and. In fact, many difficulties and doubts can not be separated from the basic engineering research, the progress of basic research is helpful to the breakthrough of difficult and doubtful points. The many research institutions and scholars have attention difficulties and doubts of Chinese railway in america.
 
From now until 2019 five years, hold on, can do a lot of things, without tight grasping, or ignore the engineering basic research, although we can make some significant progress, but the lack of basic research results pave the way, not only difficult to continue, but due to the lack of 150 years historical opportunity impetus this study can maintain continuity is hard to say.
 
Two, the expansion of Guangdong overseas Chinese laborers research foundation of the American railway engineering proposal
 
Here, the author only takes an example as follows:
 
1 from the government files, documents, careful search
 
A large number of government archives, documents have been published, there is no doubt that our study of American Railway laborers the official view, is also important to examine evidence. But we have yet to see the United States railway workers file summary. Despite the abundance of archives compilation available, we still need to find all kinds of information and respectively from Chinese American railway related, such as: several important government archives in Qing Dynasty, Ming and Qing Dynasties by Westerners towards organizing files, files and Zhupi memorials, as Prime Minister of foreign affairs, the military department qingdang Ya door gear assembly, played the Ministry of telegram release etc.. We also need to relevant departments such as in outbound documents auditions, in order to find out the related information of value. Collection of materials such as Wang Yanwei (Qing Dynasty) series of essays "Qing diplomatic history" (published in 1933-1935); Chen Hansheng editor of the "Chinese laborers abroad" historical compilation of modern history research; Taiwan Institute of Qing Dynasty "series of historical workers going abroad (1863-1910)" the complete works, etc.; the Qing Dynasty officials, an anthology diary. The government archives, these documents are missing or narrative related to American Railway laborers topic, we need to carefully explore. Fortunately, the Qing Dynasty diplomatic archives compilation full-text database provides a database query example for us, text retrieval, retrieval, retrieval and other special items are very convenient, especially through special retrieval can quickly get necessary information. For example, the United States, Chinese exclusion through topics such as index, we will soon learned in the retrieval literature what is the need to find their own, it will greatly improve the quality of literature search. But if this database does not include all the diplomatic documents, and we can not only study the diplomatic level. The literature on internal affairs, finance, population and migration is also important.
 
2 from the local chronicles, genealogy, genealogy, Xiang Zhi look carefully
 
Local chronicles, Xiang (Village) chronicles, genealogy, genealogical records of local and rural areas and family history and social life, is an important supplement to the traditional history, is an important basis for study of population distribution, migration changes, social life, understanding of American Railway laborers can not pay attention to find credible clues from these historical data and resources in. The problem is that the local chronicles often narrative celebrity is rich, for these silent spikes are rarely concerned activities. Dao Guang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu (1821~1909) is a former compilation of local chronicles may be involved in this topic, but to understand the background information is necessary; Xianfeng and Tongzhi compilation of local chronicles is we need to pay special attention to looking for; in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China during the compilation of local chronicles and local chronicles compilation since 1949. Relevant information will be added to this event, also need to pay attention to.
 
Some of local records in Japan and Europe and the United States, naturally as we focus on the field of vision. All the focus on local history information to find the focus in Guangdong and the region, but like Fujian coastal records can not let go. In 1990s, especially since the new century, China's local records summary photocopy version series have batch publication, such as the 90s "China Chronicles" series of "Local Chronicles" integrated "Chinese rare Chinese" Local Chronicles "Japan China rare Tibet of local chronicles series" etc..
 
As the new century "orphan." old local records "the Qing Dynasty" hidden "Japanese Zhixuan orphan party Chinese rare local gazetteers" rare "the Imperial Palace series", "the famous collection of rare books of chronicles series" Peking University Library Edition, East China Normal University Library Edition, Shaanxi Province Library Edition, Beijing Normal University Library Edition, Fujian Normal University library, Fudan University Library Edition edition, Nanjing University library, Renmin University of China Library edition version, edition, the Guangdong provincial capital library of Zhongshan Library Edition, Sichuan University Library Edition, Jilin University library, Nanjing library, Liaoning Provincial Library edition version, Heilongjiang province library version, Tianjin version, Tibet day spring garden Chongqing library, Hunan library, Baoding edition version of the library version Etc..
 
Local records is a record of events, compared with the provincial, county local records, only relates to history and geography, most of Ge Zhisan. Most of the existing local chronicles is copied, manuscript, spread the scope is limited, but for the understanding of specific areas such as Wuyi region foreign traditional township historical geography and customs is very valuable, we expect to be able to arrange to develop more Xiang zhi.
 
It is worth noting that the Wuyi University and Wuyi Museum and the civil affairs department in this area has been carried out a lot of work and achieved some substantial achievements. According to the relevant information on the record, Taishan Chen Maoqi (No. Qi Zong) died in San Francisco in 1841. Chen Maoqi's profile in the United States remains to be checked in order to determine when he came to the United States and in the United states. What is the basis for the death of San Francisco in 1841? Look for a needle in the ocean law there are basically two types of practice, is a carpet of sea fishing, there is no specific target, the other is a special investigation of Taishan Chen Maoqi, either Chinese or English data records, otherwise it is difficult to identify this person. In China for "mountain township" and "mountain Xiang Genealogy" data screening and expand the investigation, understand the. However, the current domestic relevant similar "mountain township" and "mountain Xiang Genealogy" collection of pending efforts.
 
Genealogy and Genealogy Research for us to investigate the situation of overseas immigrants in Wuyi region has very important reference value. Shanghai ancient books publishing house in July 2009 published the "China pedigrees", for the first time in the world Chinese genealogy compiled, provides a complete roadmap for global Chinese xungenwenzu, book 1200 words, included China genealogy 52401 kinds 608 surname, is by far the China Genealogy Collection the largest, most recorded content a special catalogue rich, completely reveals the various regions at home and abroad of the Chinese 58 ethnic surname genealogy and the basic situation of the world Chinese genealogy surname status. But it is not clear whether completely covers the genealogy and Genealogy Collection of wuyi. We are pleased to see that Professor Zhang Guoxiong of Wuyi University has made gratifying achievements in the past few years.
 
3 looking for information from stone carvings
 
Historical stone from Qin Zhuanhan tile to the epitaph, covering all political and economic, ethnic and religious, military, science and technology, education, literature, folklore, geography and so on, not only enrich the Chinese ancient historical documents, but also has the value of art appreciation.
 
But the stone is not restricted by time, cover and contain everything, many of the stone since modern times does not seem to be the income of which, like a little-known with precious historical value of overseas Chinese in income also needs careful search. North American Railway laborers cemetery is a concern of the North American Railway laborers in the topic, make sure she relates to North American Railway laborers identity, reasons for choosing a burial plot (the United States or Guangdong, hometown of Chinese) relationships may also involve the life of North America and the Pacific Railroad, but also the back or non normal death the reason of normal death. Of course, the descendants of the dead memorial. In this regard, revered Ou Jilin old man with "overseas Chinese" (in Xinhui Xinhui local history series eighth series 2007) is devoted to this topic.
 
I think by searching existing documents and retained to look for the descendants of railway laborers in history survey is a method for finding the railway laborers, the other is for the United States investigation and maintenance of railway laborers in the United States and China China cemetery, the combination of local and community publications, local chronicles, Xiang Zhi Village, genealogy, genealogy records and carry out investigation and verification.
 
I think that the research and traces the Guangdong overseas Chinese regions and relevant departments of the United States authorities to carry out extensive cooperation on the Chinese Cemetery, tombstones, in the survey, may open up a new way for the research of the railway laborers we, in this respect have a brilliant future. The author also advocated the year before and after Tomb-sweeping Day buried in the cemetery in the central held public sweep activities.
 
4 from the translation, academic papers and dissertations for
 
The Chinese Railway around the United States and its influence to the translation of the topic Chinese, academic papers and dissertations, is the main carrier of Chinese narrative research. Although we can through various channels of academic institutions and libraries respectively query these basic information, translation of academic papers and dissertations, some can also retrieve the full text. But have not yet been seen with a comprehensive translation, academic papers and dissertations directory. I remember in 1985, Chinese American history studies the senior Mr. Yang Shengmao in the "Nankai University library for the history of the United States (English) have a very incisive word in the directory" written by: "bibliography is one of the basic tools for scientific research service. The vast sea, explore the fee. If you hand books, library treasures a panoramic view, is indeed a great joy. The editor also can read into Zhen and feel infinite gratified by the first few months, Lao Cui said although it is cumbersome, benefit the students performance." In this regard, I deeply sympathize.
 
Such a Chinese translation, the American Railway laborers academic papers and Dissertations in order to Ze Hui in academic circles. If on this basis, the development of full-text retrieval function database, it is a kindness knows no bounds.
 
In regard to the translation, thesis and dissertation, need to pay attention to those not included or omitted some directory, not published on the same directory that we need to pay attention to. For example, in the past some libraries do not pay attention to collection of non public publications and printed on the inside, but also have a process for the thesis's attention, it is difficult to say there is a exhaustive paper directory. In addition, the existing retrieval is mainly based on the input of electronic retrieval system, but part of the original library library card catalog before all the input computer retrieval system, which may result in the omission of bibliography.
 
5 from the late Qing Dynasty journals, newspapers, overseas journals, rural news to find
 
Since the late Qing Dynasty, the periodicals and newspapers included the periodicals and newspapers in the late Qing Dynasty (1911), the Republic of China (1911-1949), and the founding of the people's Republic of China. The periodicals and newspapers in Taiwan were also listed. Since modern China, how many public and non sale exchange journals (in the late Qing Dynasty and Republic of China and new Chinese, Taiwan Hongkong Macao area), there is no one without an exhaustive list of journals including the Journal of compilation and publication period and on and the chart is not very clear.
 
All schools, libraries, museums, the need for collection of these publications especially solitary journal summary, especially full text and text to search, the current National Library Press and other publishers have made important contributions.
 
Journals and newspapers is different from the translation and papers, the content is broader and broader, helps us to have a more comprehensive understanding and study of American Railway laborers and many problems with the translation and the data source contains journals and newspapers. Catalogue of periodicals and newspapers involved: first, and of the directory; second, all journals and newspapers in the directory; third, in full text retrieval based on subject directories, such as multiple functions of American Railway laborers catalog. So far, there are still a lot of work to do the second step, not to mention the third step.
 
It is an urgent task that how to organize the development of the full text retrieval database in a planned and organized way. We are pleased to see the commercial press in the development of the commercial press periodical total series full-text database, has taken a welcome step, which lasted more than two years of investment and construction, launched the "Oriental Magazine" full text database. "Eastern Miscellany" is the symbol of the commercial press publications, also China history published large comprehensive publication period, after the end of the Qing Dynasty to the new China before the establishment of the important historical period, faithfully record and reflect the political, economic and cultural situation, it is important to study the history of the Republic of China indispensable.
 
Oriental Magazine from 1904 to 1948, a total of 44 volumes published in 819. The database system finally completes the text recognition and indexing of more than 30 thousand articles, more than 12 thousand pictures, more than 14 thousand ad. The database can not only provide the original picture file for the query, the required themes, index entries, specially according to the retrieval results produced by frequency statistics based academic trend chart, inspiring. According to reports in the more than 100 million text, the word error rate is less than 1/10000. Qiao xiang news periodicals, research has been very fruitful of hometown in Guangdong Wuyi region. Zhang Guoxiong, Mei Weiqiang, Liu Jin, Wuyi University, Guangdong Institute of overseas Chinese cultural research team has published many research achievements.
 
I mentioned in "the history and culture of Taishan set sixth overseas Chinese news summary", the book has China's first overseas Chinese Taishan area 167 new China before the founding of the Taishan overseas Chinese News directory, 1978-2004 years in Taishan overseas Chinese News directory, great historical value. Although domestic and overseas Chinese news content most is that since twentieth Century thing, but if a careful search will find that American and Chinese railway workers are not unrelated to the plot. For example in the book about money amounts to (remittances) wrote: "twenty-one years Guangxu (1895), the new book by Li Ping Ning county magistrate" pointed out that the Ningyang Cun Du "," Yi Ning from abroad since the beginning of Tongzhi ", many people pay back to china".
 
This association remains to be clarified abroad and the United States railway laborers. Guangdong overseas Chinese Research Institute of the Wuyi University has a large number of overseas Chinese editions, with favorable conditions to engage in this type of research, Jinan University, Zhongshan University and other colleges and libraries, the museum also has its own advantages, if relevant information in this regard (National Journal and in) directory, and create database, further research will believe greatly benefit the American Railway laborers.
 
6 from the collection of documents and personal letters, diaries, notes, manuscripts
 
The collection of documents and personal letters, diaries, notes, manuscripts and the search is a need to make great efforts to invest in the sustainability of the project. The first step is that all libraries, museums, galleries need to list the contents of the museum collections, resource sharing.
 
I do this with very limited knowledge and scanty information is difficult, and some can not find in computer retrieval, some not finishing entry; at the same time for directory contents lost overseas need to concentrate to be collected; in addition some documents and personal letters, diaries, notes and manuscripts in personal or cultural relics collectors hands. But more difficult to work with the United States, is to discover the clues of railway laborers. We also see a phenomenon, the problem of railway laborers in Qing Dynasty was rarely involved in the United States or the United States to study the envoy diaries, travels in 1905, a special trip to the United States of Dai Hongci in the "diary" to nine, also did not mention the mainland railway and Chinese laborers, can not see people in the official and high-end in the eyes of the silence of the status of Chinese laborers.
 
Here I would like to mention Guangdong, Fujian and other overseas regions of overseas remittance data, for the study of emigrants overseas activities, including the North American Railway laborers activity is of great value. In 1877 the United States Congress of California documents mentioned Chinese remittances. Here it is clear that the Chinese economy in California occupies an important position in the United States will earn hard-earned money remitted to china. The archives of Guangdong existing in 1883 overseas remittance, allegedly is the earliest one of the overseas Chinese, overseas Chinese and the United States are directly related to the screening and railway workers. In the United States, most Chinese culture level is low, their family and domestic communications and remittances often through the Chinese to engage in. However, we have not yet found in nineteenth Century 60s and 70s from the California area were sent to domestic papers, the research in the overseas Chinese, or silver letter books also did not mention. In June 2013, China overseas remittance file to declare the success of memory of the world heritage, constitute the main body of the "160 thousand Guangdong overseas Chinese, mainly scattered in folk. Part of it is likely to spread abroad, one of the reasons is that the families and relatives of overseas Chinese often carry a letter to confirm the relationship between the United states. Therefore, the collection and excavation of overseas Chinese and silver letter work requires people at home and abroad to work together to do.
 
7 looking from the remains of buildings
 
Find the history associated with the American Railway laborers from the building remains is very important; historical relics, should be protected by law. Here relates to the related architectural relics domestic Guangdong, Fujian hometown area. Overseas Chinese Museum and other museums, archives and libraries have collected a lot of architectural relics, including sunning railway and "building" "towers" building especially eye-catching. It is important to clarify the relationship between the real and the railway laborers.
 
For example, Chen Yixi not only in the United States to participate in Railway Engineering for 40 years, but also to building a sunning railway. For a historical figure like we describe now is more the sunning railway itself, for his experience in the United States and activities, not much narrative. According to Chen Yixi genealogical records, the Qing Dynasty twenty-five years (November 16th December 14, 1845), Chen Yixi was born in the new County six Cun Ning Mei Dong CuO Bao Lang Mei Cun (now Taishan City Dou Shan Zhen Xiu Dun Cun Wei Hui Mei Tang Cun) a poor peasant family. According to the history and culture of Taishan in the "Chen Yixi book" and the sunning Railway on 1860, at the age of 15, he was with Chen Yidao (American to Christians) to the United States, in 1865, he participated in the construction of the central Pacific Railroad work. He is responsible for the work, get the trust of Railway General Office, was entrusted with the laborers employment positions, and then served as an assistant engineer. He participated in the project for 40 years in the United States, laid a solid foundation for the future creation of Xinning railway. From the observation of American Railway laborers from the perspective of Chen Yixi in the United States is to spend 40 years of life, people pay more attention to. This requires not only from the local data to explore Xinning, need more from the United States archives to find good anatomy of this case is self-evident. Related to the famous "Taishan Diaolou culture and building" architecture and the American Railway laborers, we also need special attention.
 
For all objects and remains in the ruins of the central Pacific Railroad, are in need of our academic workers, volunteers and media workers and American scholars, volunteers are working together to explore and protect the original, to try and push the United States to declare American Railway Construction of the central Pacific Railroad Chinese historical and cultural heritage. In mid May this year, the Nanfang Daily reporter interview group arrived in San Francisco, drove from Sacramento, via Cape Horn, Auburn, Tang Na Yamaguchi, Carson, Winnemucca, 10 mile Canyon, Ogden, arrived in Salt Lake City, along the way to find that building the central Pacific Railroad laborers footprint, extensive interviews and collecting historical data. This is a historical and cultural significance of the search activities.
 
8 from the descendants of oral survey for railway workers
 
The United States and their descendants for Chinese railway, is an urgent and difficult task, especially in the country. Last July the author writing proposals: first, collect and collect the scattered Yu Hai system inside and outside the North American Railway laborers seed list, this list is the need to have name, gender, nationality, age, time of birth and death of the United States, in the central Pacific Railroad work time and section, that man, save relics, basic seed contact address, etc.. Two, the existing home and abroad in North America Chinese Railway seed list, screening and sorting. Here is a very important point is to confirm the Chinese identity as a descendant of the need for expert and online publicity. Three, respectively, selected in line with the conditions, batches of Chinese laborers were descendants of North American Railway historical reputation of scientific investigation, the investigators need to have video data, text data, signed relevant literature background, survey assessment. Four, the survey is the first choice of historical reputation advanced in age confirmation, he has written or recorded welcome authorization information related recalls Chinese descendants. Five, to carry out the work, the United States, China scholars to collaboration, university teachers and students and enthusiastic volunteers and entrepreneur and philanthropist give financial assistance, relevant media participation data record. Six, the site column in North American Railway laborers descendants of oral history.
 
9 from the hall, community organizations to find the file information
 
Overseas Chinese in the United States, the guild organizations archives is an important source of American railway workers activities. In this regard, the Guangdong overseas Chinese history compilation group last year's trip to the United States, actively support and assist the overseas Chinese organizations in the United States, has collected a lot of valuable information. It is also necessary to collect the information of the guild hall and the society. Limited space, no longer elaborate.
 
10 from the film and television works, historical and cultural photos, web search
 
It includes: first, published involving the United States railway laborers Chinese works (including translation); second, all at home and abroad involving the United States railway workers Photo History; third, all involving the American Railway laborers publishing audio products and history films; fourth, including blogs, online articles.
 
11 from the domestic and foreign network database
 
So far, both the United States and the United States are not Chinese, railway workers thematic database. If the outstanding basic research project we completed, will be greatly conducive to the establishment of the multi function special database. At present, we can do is: first, looking for information about the United States and its sources in the existing railway laborers foreign related databases; second, create conditions for American Railway laborers special database respectively classification research and development; third, integrated into the Chinese American railway workers on the basis of Chinese database.
 
The 12 North American railway workers called for the establishment of Web Database Platform
 
The central Pacific railroad history museum (CentralPacific Railroad Photographic History picture Museum) website in the United States, many involving the central Pacific Railway Information website, with the most abundant and most complete information, academic and popular, both pictures and other features and known for research in the United States, the central Pacific railroad history, across the North American continent North American railway railway, with China, has made important contributions. The website can be read and used in both English and Chinese, and her openness has benefited many scholars and readers.
 
At present, China has no national similar North American railway workers professional website, in order to promote the engineering research and foundation engineering Chinese American Railway Communication, there is an urgent need to establish the North American Railway laborers with Chinese website based database platform. The construction of the database platform requires the necessary funds, human input and the dedication of the competent authorities, the need for project planning, technical support, operational implementation and voluntary dedication of staff. Hope this website and the Chinese people and the world met a large number of laborers in the construction of Pacific Railway 150 anniversary!
 
Three, the end
 
Guangdong to promote the overall quality of the United States known to all overseas Chinese, let each person do his best basic project of China Railway engineering. I think:
 
First, the need for expert team, local institutions, non-governmental organizations to coordinate research, these three forces are indispensable, this requires top-level design of overseas Chinese overseas Chinese organizations in Guangdong, organized forces.
 
Second, advocate television newspapers and Internet media in advance, the only way to promote the Guangdong overseas Chinese known to all, let each person do his best.
 
Third, Zhongshan University, Jinan University, Wuyi University, sincerely look forward to three carriages, no charge into the enemy ranks.
 
Finally, I want to emphasize is the foundation to carry out research on American Railway laborers is difficult, not only need to place quantitative indicators of project, funds and manpower, but also need a painstaking scholarship, assiduously, unremittingly spirit, a spirit of spike. I appeal to carry forward the spirit of spike with outstanding, basic research achievements to the memory of the 1.5 century before the hometown of their ancestors, the silence of the spikes were!
分享到:
------分隔线----------------------------
发表评论
请自觉遵守互联网相关的政策法规,严禁发布色情、暴力、反动的言论。
最新评论
随机推荐澳大利亚论文